{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T23:15:09Z","timestamp":1777936509571,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":129,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,1]],"date-time":"2017-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1483228800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ophthalmol Eye Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>John Thomas Woolhouse (1666-1733\/1734), who practiced in Paris, was part of a family with 5 generations of English oculists. Some historians have derided him as a \u201ccharlatan\u201d and have criticized him for adhering to the old notion that a cataract was a membrane anterior to the lens.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We reviewed treatises and digital records related to Woolhouse and his family and the handwritten notes of his 1721 lecture series at the Royal Society of Medicine.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We have identified 5 generations of oculists in Woolhouse\u2019s family, by the names of Atwood, Stepkins, Ivy, and Beaumont. Woolhouse taught students from across Europe. He was one of the early proponents in Europe, inspired by Asian medical practices, to perform paracentesis to release aqueous for a new condition called hydrophthalmia. In Woolhouse\u2019s system, some of these cases probably described angle-closure glaucoma. He was the first to attach the name glaucoma to the palpably hard eye in 1707. He may also have been the first to teach that a soft eye was unlikely to recover vision. Credit for these teachings has traditionally gone to one of his students, Johannes Zacharias Platner, in 1745. Some historians have stated that he proposed iridectomy as a theoretical procedure, which was later performed by Cheselden. In fact, Woolhouse described techniques he had performed which today would be called pupilloplasty, synechiolysis, or pupillary membrane lysis. He was also a pioneer in dacryocystectomy for chronic dacryocystitis and in congenital cataract surgery. His writings from 1716 onward repeatedly (and correctly) stressed that most of the patients with visual disorders required depression of the crystalline lens (for what he called glaucoma), as opposed to removal of an anterior membrane (which he called cataract).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Woolhouse was a bold ophthalmic innovator and teacher who made major contributions which have lasted to this day. Although he did not admit it, he ultimately adopted much of the evolving understanding of the nature of lens opacities. However, his stubborn refusal to adopt the newer semantics has detracted from a full appreciation of his contributions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/1179172117732042","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,29]],"date-time":"2017-09-29T06:57:07Z","timestamp":1506668227000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["A Family of Early English Oculists (1600-1751), With a Reappraisal of John Thomas Woolhouse (1664-1733\/1734)"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Christopher T","family":"Leffler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen G","family":"Schwartz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Naples, FL, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1179172117732042","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2014.519"},{"key":"bibr2-1179172117732042","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S100708"},{"key":"bibr3-1179172117732042","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4137\/OED.S32004"},{"key":"bibr4-1179172117732042","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/IJG.0000000000000467"},{"key":"bibr5-1179172117732042","unstructured":"Parish Register. Halstead Essex. StAndrew\u2019s church. December 23, 1664. John, Son of Thomas Wolhouse and Mary. https:\/\/www.freereg.org.uk\/search_records\/58181f57e93790ec8bc3e360?search_id=592b581533045bbfb5b1bae4&ucf=false."},{"key":"#cr-split#-bibr6-1179172117732042.1","unstructured":"Marriage of Judeth Attwood and John Stepkin. 27 Aug 1625. Wolverley. Ancestry.com. England, Select Marriages, 1538-1973 [database on-line]. Provo, UT: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc."},{"key":"#cr-split#-bibr6-1179172117732042.2","unstructured":"2014 (Original data: England, Marriages, 1538-1973. Salt Lake City, Utah: FamilySearch, 2013). http:\/\/search.ancestry.com\/cgi-bin\/sse.dll?_phsrc=atl112&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&gss=angs-c&new=1&rank=1&gsfn=judith&gsfn_x=NP_NN&gsln=atwood&gsln_x=NP_NN&msgdy=1625&cpxt=1&cp=4&MSAV=1&MSV=0&uidh=mf7&pcat=BMD_MARRIAGE&h=7032124&dbid=9852&indiv=1&ml_rpos=14."},{"key":"bibr7-1179172117732042","unstructured":"Robinson J. The Attwood Family, With Historic Notes & Pedigrees. Sunderland, UK: Hills & Company; 1903:107. https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=vzhLAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA107&lpg=PA107&dq=ATWOOD+worcestershire+stepkin+family+robinson&source=bl&ots=JlQ-G7B8T3&sig=mFAXwvQi5qtVjht4yEpPr6E3dSI&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjt9ePjkpPUAhUGWSYKHbuRBTAQ6AEIKzAB#v=snippet&q=stepkin&f=false."},{"key":"bibr8-1179172117732042","unstructured":"Rutland C. The Manuscripts of His Grace the Duke of Rutland, K.G., Preserved at Belvoir Castle. Vol 2. London, England: Her Majesty\u2019s Stationery Office; 1889:5\u2013347. https:\/\/archive.org\/stream\/manuscriptshisg00unkngoog#page\/n16\/mode\/2up."},{"key":"bibr9-1179172117732042","unstructured":"Boswell J, Johnson S. The Life of Samuel Johnson, LL.D. London, England: Bell & Daldy; 1868:318."},{"key":"bibr10-1179172117732042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moore N. Moundeford, Thomas (1550\u20131630), rev. Patrick Wallis, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004. http:\/\/www.oxforddnb.com.proxy.library.vcu.edu\/view\/article\/19435. Accessed May 29, 2017.","DOI":"10.1093\/ref:odnb\/19435"},{"key":"bibr11-1179172117732042","unstructured":"Jenkins E. Six Criminal Women. New York, NY: Duell, Sloan and Pearce; 1949:57\u201380."},{"key":"bibr12-1179172117732042","unstructured":"Pelling M, White F. BOWNE, Robert, Physicians and Irregular MedicalPractitioners in London 1550-1640 Database, London, England, 2004, British History Online. http:\/\/www.british-history.ac.uk\/no-series\/london-physicians\/1550-1640\/bowne-robert. Accessed May 29, 2017."},{"key":"bibr13-1179172117732042","unstructured":"Bramston J. The Autobiography of Sir John Bramston. London, England: Camden Society; 1845:17\u201319."},{"key":"bibr14-1179172117732042","unstructured":"\u2018Amm\u0101r ibn \u2018Al\u012b Maw\u1e63il\u012b, Meyerhof M. Las Operaciones de catarata de \u2018Ammar ibn \u2018Ali al-Mawsili. Barcelona, Spain: Laboratories del Norte de Espana; 1937:33\u201357."},{"key":"bibr15-1179172117732042","unstructured":"Boyle R. Some Considerations Touching the Usefulness of Experimental Natural Philosophy Propos\u2019d in Familiar Discourses to a Friend, by Way of Invitation to the Study of It. Oxford, UK: Hen. Hall for Ric, Davis, 1663:3\u201375."},{"key":"bibr16-1179172117732042","unstructured":"Stepkins J. Will of John Stepkin or Stepkins of Wapping, Middlesex. National Archives of the UK; 1651. http:\/\/discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk\/SearchUI\/Details?uri=D797587. Accessed May 29, 2017."},{"key":"bibr17-1179172117732042","unstructured":"Ivie T. Alimony arraign\u2019d, or The remonstrance and humble appeal of Thomas Ivie Esq; from the high court of chancery, to His Highnes the Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland, &c. VVherein are set forth the unheard-of practices and villanies of lewd and defamed Women, in order to separate man and wife. London, England; 1654. https:\/\/quod.lib.umich.edu\/e\/eebo\/A87232.0001.001\/1:2?rgn=div1;view=fulltext."},{"key":"bibr18-1179172117732042","unstructured":"London, England, Church of England Baptisms, Marriages and Burials, 1538-1812 for John Stepkins. Tower Hamlets St Mary, Whitechapel 1644-1664. https:\/\/www.ancestry.com\/interactive\/1624\/31280_194813-00365\/676044?backurl=https:\/\/www.ancestry.com\/family-tree\/person\/tree\/443303\/person\/25778910641\/facts\/citation\/117545962954\/edit\/record. Accessed May 29, 2017."},{"key":"bibr19-1179172117732042","unstructured":"Marriage of Fran Stepkin and George Williamson. Faculty Office Marriage Licenses, England, Boyd\u2019s Marriage Indexes, 1538-1850. http:\/\/search.findmypast.com\/record?id=gbprs%2fm%2f710629623%2f1."},{"key":"bibr20-1179172117732042","unstructured":"Pierce R. Bath Memoirs: Or, Observations in Three and Forty Years Practice, at the Bath What Cures Have Been There Wrought, (Both by Bathing and Drinking These Waters by God\u2019s Blessing, on the Directions of Robert Peirce, Dr. in Physick, and Fellow of the College of Physicians in London, a Constant Inhabitant in Bath, from the Year 1653. to This Present Year 1697. Bristol, UK: Hammond; 1697:169\u2013170."},{"key":"bibr21-1179172117732042","unstructured":"Neale T, Ivie T, Jeffreys G. The Lady Ivie\u2019s Trial for Great Part of Shadwell . Before Lord Chief Justice Jeffreys in 1684 (edited by JC Fox). Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press; 1929:1\u2013100."},{"key":"bibr22-1179172117732042","unstructured":"Sad and Lamentable News From Mapping Giving a True and Just Account of a Most Horrible and Dreadful Fire, Which Happened on Sunday the 19th. of Nov. 1682 . Also, Giving You a Particular Account of the Great Losses of Several Men, Namely, Sir William Warren, the Lady Ivy. London: Clarke; 1682:4."},{"key":"bibr23-1179172117732042","unstructured":"A More Full and Exact Account of That Most Dreadful Fire Which Happened at Mapping on Sunday Night the Nineteenth of This Instant November. London: D. Mallet; 1682:2."},{"key":"bibr24-1179172117732042","first-page":"1","volume":"1696","author":"Mossam E","year":"1684","journal-title":"The famous tryal in B.R. between Thomas Neale, Esq. and the late Lady Theadosia Ivy : the 4th of June"},{"key":"bibr25-1179172117732042","unstructured":"Marriage of Ann Stepkin and John Woolhouse. St. Olave Silver Street. Boyd\u2019s Marriage Indexes, 1538-1850. 1627. http:\/\/search.findmypast.com\/record?id=gbprs%2fm%2f754625038%2f2."},{"key":"bibr26-1179172117732042","unstructured":"Venn J, Venn JA. Alumni Cantabrigienses; A Biographical List of All Known Students, Graduates and Holders of Office at the University of Cambridge, from the Earliest Times to 1900. Part 1. Vol 4. London, England: Cambridge University Press; 1927:462. https:\/\/archive.org\/stream\/p1alumnicantabri04univuoft#page\/462\/mode\/2up."},{"key":"bibr27-1179172117732042","unstructured":"Blackburne DFH. Thomas Woollhouse to Williamson. Calendar of State Papers, Domestic Series, March 1st, 1675, to February 29th, 1676. London, England: Mackie and Co; 1907:4. https:\/\/archive.org\/stream\/calendarstatepa00levagoog\/calendarstatepa00levagoog_djvu.txt."},{"key":"bibr28-1179172117732042","unstructured":"Acland CL, Round JH. Register of the Scholars Admitted to Colchester School, 1637-1740. Colchester, UK: Wiles & Son; 1897:40. https:\/\/archive.org\/stream\/registerscholar00schogoog\/registerscholar00schogoog_djvu.txt."},{"key":"bibr29-1179172117732042","unstructured":"\u201cWoolhouse, Thomas. Page of the presence . reappointed James 1st . dead by 1688.\u201d The Royal Archives. Royal Household Staff 1526-1924. Volume: Royal Household Index 1660\u20131901. http:\/\/search.findmypast.co.uk\/record\/browse?id=gbor%2fhrh%2fhousehold%2fgb_w-z%2f00468."},{"key":"bibr30-1179172117732042","unstructured":"Woolhouse T. Will of Thomas Woolhouse, Page of the Present Chamber to His Majesty of Saint Margaret Westminster, Middlesex, June 1688. National Archives of the UK. http:\/\/discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk\/details\/r\/D729903. Accessed July 16, 2013."},{"issue":"817","key":"bibr31-1179172117732042","first-page":"3","author":"Woolhouse JT","year":"1701","journal-title":"Thomas Woolhouse, Esq . . . Related to the Late Famous Oculist, My Lady Ivy Post Man and the Historical Account"},{"key":"bibr32-1179172117732042","unstructured":"Lee S, ed. Dictionary of National Biography. Vol 28. New York, NY: MacMillan and Co; 1891:33. http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=SEZegCvIjb0C&q=henry+howard#v=snippet&q=henry%20howard&f=false."},{"key":"bibr33-1179172117732042","unstructured":"Burial of Thomas Woolhouse. May 30, 1688. St. Margaret. Westminster Burials Transcription. http:\/\/search.findmypast.com\/record?id=gbprs%2fd%2f490899632%2f1."},{"key":"bibr34-1179172117732042","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.18.4.193"},{"key":"bibr35-1179172117732042","unstructured":"Hirschberg J, Blodi FC. The History of Ophthalmology. Vol 3. The Renaissance of Ophthalmology in the Eighteenth Century (Part One) Bonn, Germany: J. P. Wayenborgh Verlag; 1984:5\u2013369."},{"key":"bibr36-1179172117732042","unstructured":"Woolhouse JT. A Treatise of ye Cataract & Glaucoma. London, England: Royal Society of Medicine Manuscript; 1721:4\u201366."},{"key":"bibr37-1179172117732042","unstructured":"Woolhouse J. Page of the presence to Charles II. April 26, 1681. The Royal Archives. Royal Household Staff-1526-1924. Volume: Royal Household Index 1660\u20131901. http:\/\/search.findmypast.co.uk\/record?id=gbor%2fhrh%2fhousehold%2fgb_w-z%2f00465&parentid=gbprs%2fhrh%2f88011465%2f1."},{"key":"bibr38-1179172117732042","unstructured":"Woolhouse JT. Le Roy d\u2019Angleterre, scachant qu\u2019il y a des personnes a Paris qui se dissent Oculistes. Mercure Galant. Paris. Chez Michel Brunet. October 1707:299\u2013305. http:\/\/gallica.bnf.fr\/ark:\/12148\/bpt6k6310148c\/f303.image.r=woolhouse."},{"key":"bibr39-1179172117732042","unstructured":"Calendar of the Manuscripts of the Marquis of Bath. Vol 3. Hereford, UK: Anthony Brothers Ltd; 1908:290\u2013295. https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=yDfYAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA290&lpg=PA290&dq=john+woolhouse+matthew+prior+1698&source=bl&ots=jdE2PEcXsO&sig=6jnROQWZPHqCBCIkZvamPyZoRyo&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiwg7CS75PUAhVG6CYKHXWgB-4Q6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=woolhouse&f=false."},{"key":"bibr40-1179172117732042","unstructured":"Woolhouse JT. Recueil d\u2019instrumens pour les op\u00e9rations manuelles des yeux. Par Mr Woolhouse oculiste anglois, serviteur du roy de la Grande-Bretagne. Paris, France: Chez Laurent d\u2019Houry; 1696:1\u201310."},{"key":"bibr41-1179172117732042","unstructured":"Calendar of the Stuart Papers belonging to His Majesty the King. Vol 1. London, England: Mackie &Co; 1902:215. http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=5sYKAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA215&lpg=PA215&dq=%22john+thomas+woolhouse%22+letter&source=bl&ots=VSQN75_bn-&sig=y6O_61WeTc405TuBrqbOXP-_fHI&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ETC2UbbSHLSG0QGgvoDYCg&ved=0CGUQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=%22john%20thomas%20woolhouse%22%20letter&f=false."},{"key":"bibr42-1179172117732042","unstructured":"Woolhouse JT. Mr. Woolhouse, Gentil-homme Anglois. Mercure Galant. Paris, France: Chez Michel Brunet; 1696:53\u201357. http:\/\/gallica.bnf.fr\/ark:\/12148\/bpt6k62588254\/f53.image.r=woolhouse.langEN. Accessed July 16, 2013."},{"key":"bibr43-1179172117732042","unstructured":"Gerebtzoff M. History of Civilization in Russia. Reviewed in: British Foreign Medical Review. London, England: John Churchill; 1862:298. http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=ZlhYAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA298&dq=woolhouse+peter+the+great+russia+oculist&hl=en&sa=X&ei=zym2UdzJI-PN0gHXrIHYAg&ved=0CDcQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=woolhouse%20peter%20the%20great%20russia%20oculist&f=false."},{"key":"bibr44-1179172117732042","unstructured":"Woolhouse JT. A Treatise of the Cataract and Glaucoma: In Which the Specific Distinctions of Those Two Diseases, and the Existence of Membranous Cataracts, Are Clearly Demonstrated . Compiled from the Dictates of the Late Learned and Ingenious Mr. Woolhouse, as Taken from Him in Writing, by One of His Pupils. London, England: M. Cooper, at the Globe in Pater-Noster-Row; and G. Woodfall, at the King\u2019s-Arms, Charing-Cross; 1745:3\u2013116."},{"key":"bibr45-1179172117732042","unstructured":"Duddell B. A Treatise of the Diseases of the Horny-Coat of the Eye, and the Various Kinds of Cataracts. London, England: John Clark; 1729:4\u2013230."},{"key":"bibr46-1179172117732042","first-page":"412","volume":"85","author":"Wyman AL","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Royal Society Medicine"},{"key":"bibr47-1179172117732042","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cxo.12035"},{"key":"bibr48-1179172117732042","unstructured":"Hirschberg J, Blodi FC. The History of Ophthalmology. Vol 4. The Renaissance of Ophthalmology in the Eighteenth Century. (Part Two) Bonn, Germany: J. P. Wayenborgh Verlag; 1984:16\u201347."},{"key":"bibr49-1179172117732042","unstructured":"Woolhouse JT, LeCerf C. Dissertations scavantes et critiques de monsieur de Woolhouse sur la cataracte et le glaucoma. Offenbach sur le Main: Bonaventure de Launoy; 1717:21\u2013299. http:\/\/www2.biusante.parisdescartes.fr\/livanc\/index.las?cote=30850&do=chapitre."},{"key":"bibr50-1179172117732042","unstructured":"Kovacs J, Unschuld PU. Essential Subtleties on the Silver Sea. The Yin-hai jing wei: A Chinese Classic on Ophthalmology. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press; 1998:4\u2013211."},{"key":"bibr51-1179172117732042","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-9071.2005.00978.x"},{"key":"bibr52-1179172117732042","unstructured":"Cleyer A. Specimen Medicinae Sinicae. Francofurtum. 1682:6\u2013289. https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=VhdAAAAAcAAJ&q=ophthalmia#v=onepage&q=radicale&f=false."},{"key":"bibr53-1179172117732042","unstructured":"Verwaal RE. Hippocrates Meets the Yellow Emperor: On the Reception of Chinese and Japanese Medicine in Early Modern Europe [master\u2019s thesis]. 2010. http:\/\/dspace.library.uu.nl\/handle\/1874\/179050."},{"key":"bibr54-1179172117732042","unstructured":"Ten Rhyne W. Wilhelmi ten Rhyne . Dissertatio de arthritide: Mantissa schematica De acupunctura et orationes tres, I. De chymiae ac botaniae antiquitate & dignitate II. De physiognomia III. De monstris:singula ipsius authoris notis illustratur. Londini: Impensis R. Chiswell; 1683:184\u2013186. https:\/\/babel.hathitrust.org\/cgi\/pt?id=ucm.5323751734;view=1up;seq=210."},{"key":"bibr55-1179172117732042","unstructured":"Bonet T. A guide to the practical physician shewing, from the most approved authors, both ancient and modern, the truest and safest way of curing all diseases, internal and external, whether by medicine, surgery, or diet. Published in Latin by the learn\u2019d Theoph. Bonet, physician at Geneva. And now rendred into English, with an addition of many considerable cases, and excellent medicines for every disease. Collected from Dr. Waltherus his Sylva medica. by one of the Colledge of Physicians, London. London: Thomas Flesher, at his house over against Distaff Lane in the Old Change; 1686:31\u2013393."},{"key":"bibr56-1179172117732042","unstructured":"Valentini MB. Mich. Bern. Valentini Historia moxae: cum adjunctis in fine meditationibus de podagra ad . Andream Cleyerum . perscripta. Lugduni Batavorum: Van der Aa; 1686:6. https:\/\/archive.org\/stream\/bub_gb_C_EbM2DpcT8C#page\/n5\/mode\/2up."},{"key":"bibr57-1179172117732042","author":"Valentini MB","year":"1704","journal-title":"Museum Museorum, Oder Vollst\u00e4ndige Schau-B\u00fchne Aller Materialien und Specere\u00ffen Nebst deren Nat\u00fcrlichen Beschreibung"},{"key":"bibr58-1179172117732042","unstructured":"Valentini MB. Observatio LXX. Hydrophthalmia punctur\u00e2 acus percurata. 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