{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T23:16:09Z","timestamp":1777936569689,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"NIH","award":["5R01TW005964-10"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5R01TW005964-10"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Tob Use Insights"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The Western Pacific Region has the highest rate of cigarette smoking in the world. In this region, Mongolia has ratified the WHO FCTC treaty and, as part of treaty implementation, has monitored school tobacco use in children using the Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS). Our objective was to examine the spatial (student report of cigarette availability near schools) and economic factors (cigarette pricing relative to student pocket money) associated with cigarette use in schoolchildren of Mongolia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The 2014 and 2019 GYTS are the most recent national surveys of tobacco use in schoolchildren in Mongolia and are cross-sectional, stratified, multi-stage cluster surveys of 13-15-year-old schoolchildren (7298 in 2014, 4146 in 2019). We conducted logistic regression modelling of the two surveys to examine whether spatial, economic, and environmental factors were predictors of cigarette use.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We found that (1) the prevalence of students reporting the availability of cigarettes near schools increased from 65.3% [95% confidence interval(CI) = 61.1-69.4] in the 2014 GYTS to 94.3% [95% CI = 93.5-95.1] in the 2019 GYTS, (2) student report of cigarette availability near schools was associated with increased current smoking of all cigarettes and this effect increased from a non-significant 31% increase in odds in 2014 (OR [95% confidence interval(CI)] = 1.31 [0.99-1.73],\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .06) to a 416% significant increase in odds in 2019 (OR [95% CI] = 5.16[3.31-8.05],\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .0001), (3) student report of cigarette availability near schools was associated with a significant increase in odds of smoking single cigarettes in 2014 (OR [95% CI] = 1.85 [1.19, 2.89],\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .008 and in 2019 (OR[95% CI] = 2.70 [1.42-5.12],\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .005). For both surveys, we also found that cigarette smoking prevalence was higher when students\u2019 pocket money exceeded the price of the cigarette pack (approximately 1.8 USD).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Despite the 2012 National Tobacco Laws banning sales of cigarettes and single cigarettes to schoolchildren near schools, our analyses of national samples of schoolchildren indicate that the proportion of students reporting cigarettes being available near their schools remained high (65-94%) during 2014 to 2019.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/1179173x251389206","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T00:41:59Z","timestamp":1760488919000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Spatial and Economic Proximity of Cigarette Products to School Children in Mongolia"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Bolormaa","family":"Purevdorj","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Suh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Loma Linda University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Altanzul","family":"Narmandakh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Health (NCMH)"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuki","family":"Kuwabara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tottori University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aya","family":"Kinjo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tottori University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yoneatsu","family":"Osaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tottori University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anne Berit","family":"Petersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Loma Linda University Cancer Center"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Davaalkham","family":"Dambadarjaa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9820-2887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pramil N.","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Loma Linda University Cancer Center"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_2","volume-title":"WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic 2021: Addressing New and Emerging Products","author":"WHO","year":"2021","unstructured":"WHO. WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic 2021: Addressing New and Emerging Products. World Health Organization; 2021. 978 92 4 003209 5."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_2","volume-title":"2019 Global Youth Tobacco Survey, Mongolia","author":"WHO","year":"2020","unstructured":"WHO. 2019 Global Youth Tobacco Survey, Mongolia. WHO Mongolia, Ministry of Health Mongolia; 2020."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_2","volume-title":"Needs Assessment for the Implementation of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in Mongolia","author":"WHO","year":"2015","unstructured":"WHO. Needs Assessment for the Implementation of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in Mongolia. Ministry of Health, Mongolia; 2015."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-022-14727-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2019.102275"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.19.0686"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntac017"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18332\/tpc\/208451"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_10_2","volume-title":"Modern Epidemiology","author":"Rothman KJ","year":"2008","unstructured":"Rothman KJ, Greenland S, Lash TL. Modern Epidemiology. 3rd ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2008.","edition":"3"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2020.11.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10464-007-9124-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15427"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntz219"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18332\/tid\/115798"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02673843.2021.1991402"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18332\/tid\/117959"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.12.04101"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18332\/popmed\/143526"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10105395231173743"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18332\/tid\/143994"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_5_22_2","first-page":"37","article-title":"Should I give kids money? the role of pocket money on at-risk behaviors in Italian adolescents","volume":"59","author":"Lozza E","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lozza E, Jarach CM, Sesini G, et al. Should I give kids money? the role of pocket money on at-risk behaviors in Italian adolescents. Ann Ist Super Sanita. 2023;59(1):37-42.","journal-title":"Ann Ist Super Sanita"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17269\/s41997-018-0123-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18332\/tid\/152511"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina58040502"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16173114"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12939-019-0912-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_28_2","volume-title":"Amendments to Tobacco Contol Law in: Parliament, Ed","author":"Parliament","year":"2012","unstructured":"Parliament. Amendments to Tobacco Contol Law in: Parliament, Ed. National Legal Institute; 2012."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_29_2","volume-title":"National Legal Institute, Mongolia","author":"Parliament. Tobacco Control Law of Mongolia","year":"2024","unstructured":"Parliament. Tobacco Control Law of Mongolia. National Legal Institute, Mongolia. Tobacco Control Law of Mongolia Web site; 2024. Published 2005. Accessed January 15, 2024.https:\/\/legalinfo.mn\/mn\/detail?lawId=469"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_30_2","volume-title":"Law on Infringement of Mongolia","author":"Parliament","year":"2024","unstructured":"Parliament. Law on Infringement of Mongolia. National Legal Institute, Mongolia; 2024. Published 2017. https:\/\/legalinfo.mn\/mn\/detail\/12695. 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