{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T17:52:23Z","timestamp":1759341143529,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]],"date-time":"2019-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1546300800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Biomark\ufffdCancer"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Several problems such as myalgia, arthralgia, fever, dyspnea, generalized edema, and pleural effusion can occur in cancer patients following the chemotherapy, especially at the first cycle of the first chemotherapy treatment. Although it is assumed that some cytokines are associated with the development of these symptoms and signs, their pathophysiology has not been discovered completely yet. They are usually mild, but they may rarely progress to the severe stage of \u201cSystemic Capillary Leak Syndrome\u201d with a high mortality rate. The objective of this study was to investigate the association between the serum levels of interleukin-2 (IL-2), interleukin-11 (IL-11), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-\u03b1), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and these symptoms and signs. A total of 44 cancer patients who had neither heart, lung, liver, renal, or thyroid disease were recruited into this study. Their symptoms and signs were examined and questioned before the first cycle of the first chemotherapy treatment and the 24\u2009h after this chemotherapy. All participant\u2019s serum samples were taken, and the VEGF, TNF, IL-2, and IL-11 levels were studied. There was no association between the chemotherapeutic drugs, and the symptoms and signs such as edema, dyspnea, coughing, and flu-like symptoms. There was a significant decrease in IL-11 levels in the other treatment group compared with the group receiving paclitaxel, docetaxel, gemcitabine, and vinorelbine in the first day following chemotherapy ( P\u2009=\u2009.006). However, no relation was observed between the symptoms and signs, the response to the chemotherapy, and the serum levels of VEGF, TNF, IL-2, and IL-11. These symptoms and life-threatening syndrome have been a current topic between the clinicians. Although some drugs and mediators are accused, its pathophysiology has not been discovered completely yet. In this study, we could not detect any association between the symptoms, signs, and the cytokine levels following the chemotherapy. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1179299x19854447","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,10]],"date-time":"2019-06-10T11:50:48Z","timestamp":1560167448000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Following Chemotherapy: Serum Cytokine (Tumor Necrosis Factor, Interleukin-2, Interleukin-11), Immunoglobulin, Complement, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Levels, and the Systemic Symptoms like Capillary Leak Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1794-4473","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Havva","family":"Keskin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Istanbul Medeniyet University Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kenan","family":"Cadirci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Erzurum Regional Training and Research Hospital, Erzurum, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmet","family":"Demirkazik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ankara, Ankara, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hakan","family":"Akbulut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ankara, Ankara, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bulent","family":"Yalcin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yildirim Beyazit and Atat\u00fcrk Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1179299X19854447","unstructured":"Demirkazik A, Icli F. 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