{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T20:55:29Z","timestamp":1793739329828,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin Med Insights Cardiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Though controversial, the short-duration in-patient use of inotropes in cardiogenic shock (CS) remain an ACC\/AHA Class IIa indication, and are frequently used in the initial treatment of CS. We evaluated in-patient mortality and effect on mortality risk of commonly used vasoactive inotropic medications for the medical management of SCAI stage B and C cardiogenic shock patients in a tertiary care cardiac care unit: dobutamine, dopamine, milrinone, and norepinephrine.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We retrospectively evaluated 342 patients who received dobutamine, milrinone, dopamine, norepinephrine or a combination of these medications for SCAI stage B and C cardiogenic shock. Cox proportional hazards were used to form longitudinal mortality predictions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Overall in-patient mortality was 18%. Each 1\u2009\u00b5g\/kg\/minute increase in dobutamine independently corresponded to a 15% increase in risk of mortality. High dose dobutamine &gt;3\u2009\u00b5g\/kg\/minute is associated with 3-fold increased risk compared to \u2a7d3\u2009\u00b5g\/kg\/minute ( P\u2009&lt;\u2009.001). Use of milrinone, norepinephrine, and dopamine were not independently associated with mortality.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We demonstrate that the overall in-hospital mortality of SCAI stage B and C cardiogenic shock patients medically managed on inotropes was not in excess of prior studies. Dobutamine was independently associated with mortality, while other vasoactive inotropic medications were not. Inotropes remain a feasible method of managing SCAI stage B and C cardiogenic shock.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/11795468211049449","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,27]],"date-time":"2021-10-27T03:02:47Z","timestamp":1635303767000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Predictors of In-hospital Mortality in Cardiogenic Shock Patients on Vasoactive or Inotropic Support"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3163-3698","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuktika","family":"Nandkeolyar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tanya","family":"Doctorian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gary","family":"Fraser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Ryu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Colleen","family":"Fearon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Tryon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Whitney","family":"Kagabo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dmitry","family":"Abramov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Hauschild","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6113-2240","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liset","family":"Stoletniy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony","family":"Hilliard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antoine","family":"Sakr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-11795468211049449","first-page":"2329","volume":"362","author":"De Santis V","year":"2010","journal-title":"N Engl J 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