{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T15:00:16Z","timestamp":1781103616837,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]],"date-time":"2019-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1546300800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin Med Insights Endocrinol Diabetes"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To determine the glycemic control and cardio-metabolic complications of children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) attending a tertiary care diabetes clinic in Saudi Arabia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a retrospective cross-sectional study of children and adolescents with T1DM attending King Abdulaziz Medical City-Jeddah from 2010 to 2013. We assessed their glycemic control and diabetes management. Vitamin D status was compared with glycemic control and gender differences.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We identified 301 subjects (53.5% females); mean age was 13.9\u2009\u00b1\u20093.8\u2009years. The mean duration of diabetes was 7.7\u2009\u00b1\u20093.7\u2009years, body mass index (BMI) was 21.1\u2009\u00b1\u20094.5\u2009kg\/m\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      , and hemoglobin A\n                      <jats:sub>1c<\/jats:sub>\n                      (HbA\n                      <jats:sub>1c<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) was 9.6%\u2009\u00b1\u20091.9% in both genders. There were modest gender-specific differences in Saudi patients with T1DM, with males having more symptoms than females. Mean age at diagnosis of T1DM was slightly younger in males (6.01\u2009\u00b1\u20093.65\u2009years) than in females (6.33\u2009\u00b1\u20093.45\u2009years). Education was the most common reason for admission in males (32.9%), whereas diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) was the most common reason in females (38.8%). Frequency of symptomatic hypoglycemic attacks was relatively higher in males (47.1%) than in females (42.9%). The majority of our patients (83%) were on intensive insulin regimen, having 4 injections or more per day. The remaining (17%) were on conventional insulin therapy. Only 26.2% had satisfactory HbA\n                      <jats:sub>1c<\/jats:sub>\n                      (\u2a7d8%). The mean level of 25-hydroxyvitamin D was 35.15\u2009\u00b1\u200915.9\u2009nmol\/L and cholesterol was 4.75\u2009\u00b1\u20091.1\u2009nmol\/L. Vitamin D deficiency (25-hydroxyvitamin D\u2009\u2a7d\u200937.5\u2009nmol\/L) was detected in 63.6% males and 67.7% females. No significant correlation between HbA\n                      <jats:sub>1c<\/jats:sub>\n                      and vitamin D deficiency was observed.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Metabolic control among Saudi children with T1DM is less satisfactory compared with other countries. The high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in this population supports the recommendation of vitamin D supplementation in T1DM subjects. Further studies in a larger cohort are needed to confirm our findings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/1179551418825159","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,25]],"date-time":"2019-01-25T02:31:43Z","timestamp":1548383503000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Glycemic Control in Children and Youth With Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus in Saudi Arabia"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Abdullah M","family":"Al Zahrani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adnan","family":"Al Shaikh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrine Division, Department of Pediatrics, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health 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