{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T22:44:56Z","timestamp":1793400296898,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin Med Insights Endocrinol Diabetes"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Comparison of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) with multiple daily injections (MDI) in achieving glycemic control in youths with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Retrospective cohort study including 2 matched groups of youths with T1DM treated by CSII or MDI in a tertiary specialized children\u2019s hospital in Saudi Arabia. Children and adolescents aged up to 18\u2009years, diagnosed with T1DM and using CSII or MDI, from the period 2016 to 2018. Patients on MDI were newly-diagnosed patients with T1DM who had the disease for only 1\u2009year duration; all CSII patients had at least 1 to 2\u2009years of T1DM but who had just started on pumps in the past 3\u2009months. We excluded patients with other autoimmune diseases, non-ambulatory patients and those admitted to hospital for non-diabetes reasons. Primary outcome was HbA1c at 1, 2, and 3\u2009years, with weight gain as a secondary outcome. Ambulatory glycemic profile was analyzed from a subset of patients using intermittently scanned continuous glucose monitoring (isCGM).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 168 youths with T1DM (n\u2009=\u2009129 in the MDI group, n\u2009=\u200939 in the CSII group) were included. The CSII group consistently had lower HbA1c levels compared to the MDI group throughout a 3-year follow up period: 8.1% versus 10.1, P-value\u2009&lt;\u2009.001 at 1\u2009year, 7.5% versus 10.1% at 2\u2009years, P-value\u2009\u2009&lt;\u2009.001, 8.9% versus 10.3% at 3\u2009years, P-value\u2009=\u2009.033. Body mass index significantly increased in both groups at 1\u2009year, although greater in CSII group. In a subgroup using isCGM (n\u2009=\u200937 on MDI and n\u2009=\u200929 on CSII), the CSII group had a lower average blood glucose (194\u2009mg\/dL vs 228\u2009mg\/dL, P-value\u2009=\u2009.028) and a lower estimated HbA1c level (8.4% vs 9.6%, P-value\u2009=\u2009.022).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Treatment with CSII resulted in lower HbA1c compared to MDI in our cohort, which was sustained over a 3-year period.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/11795514221128495","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,20]],"date-time":"2022-10-20T05:12:20Z","timestamp":1666242740000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["The Effectiveness of Insulin Pump Therapy Versus Multiple Daily Injections in Children With Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus in a Specialized Center in Riyadh"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Amir","family":"Babiker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdul-Aziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Pediatric Department, King Abdullah Specialized Children\u2019s Hospital, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nawaf","family":"Alammari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdul-Aziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi 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