{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T21:50:39Z","timestamp":1793656239934,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin Med Insights Endocrinol Diabetes"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Graves\u2019 disease (GD) is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism in children. A common GD symptom is a goiter. The usual biochemical profile in children with GD is a decreased thyroid hormone stimulating hormone (TSH) level and high free thyroxine (FT4) and free triiodothyronine (FT3) concentrations. The presence of thyroid receptor antibodies (TRAb) is the most important specific immunological sign for diagnosing GD. The treatment choices for pediatric GD are anti-thyroid drugs (ATDs), radioiodine, and thyroidectomy, but the risks and benefits of each modality are different. Management recommendations include the first-line use of a prolonged course of ATDs for at least 3\u2009years and potentially 5\u2009years or more. Rituximab and Teprotumumab are new novel alternative medications for the treatment of adult patients with GD and Graves\u2019 orbitopathy respectively, but evidence of the efficacy and safety of these drugs in pediatric patients with GD is lacking.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/11795514221150615","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,4]],"date-time":"2023-05-04T01:25:51Z","timestamp":1683163551000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Graves\u2019 Disease in Children: An Update"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4763-488X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kotb Abbass","family":"Metwalley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hekma Saad","family":"Farghaly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-11795514221150615","first-page":"114118","volume":"59","author":"Weetman AP.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Horm Res"},{"key":"bibr2-11795514221150615","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.16535"},{"key":"bibr3-11795514221150615","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-017-3039-0"},{"key":"bibr4-11795514221150615","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2013.193"},{"key":"bibr5-11795514221150615","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-11-0548"},{"key":"bibr6-11795514221150615","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000363163"},{"key":"bibr7-11795514221150615","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2009.03717.x"},{"key":"bibr8-11795514221150615","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2002-0020"},{"key":"bibr9-11795514221150615","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/138920211798120772"},{"key":"bibr10-11795514221150615","first-page":"930","volume":"86","author":"Brix TH","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"bibr11-11795514221150615","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-0686"},{"key":"bibr12-11795514221150615","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2009.11.019"},{"key":"bibr13-11795514221150615","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/jpem.2011.093"},{"key":"bibr14-11795514221150615","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2020.05.006"},{"key":"bibr15-11795514221150615","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.52768\/2766-7820\/1142"},{"key":"bibr16-11795514221150615","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.900204"},{"key":"bibr17-11795514221150615","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2011.0334"},{"key":"bibr18-11795514221150615","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/IOP.0b013e318030b06b"},{"key":"bibr19-11795514221150615","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp0801880"},{"key":"bibr20-11795514221150615","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4274\/jcrpe.galenos.2019.2019.0108"},{"key":"bibr21-11795514221150615","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/1516-3180.2017.0089110617"},{"key":"bibr22-11795514221150615","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ando.2018.08.001"},{"key":"bibr23-11795514221150615","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-018-1765-3"},{"key":"bibr24-11795514221150615","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng0794-396"},{"key":"bibr25-11795514221150615","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000342641"},{"key":"bibr26-11795514221150615","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/JPEM.2011.206"},{"key":"bibr27-11795514221150615","volume":"5","author":"Bilbao NA","year":"2019","journal-title":"AACE Clin Case Rep"},{"key":"bibr28-11795514221150615","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2016-1971"},{"key":"bibr29-11795514221150615","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.2008.069740"},{"key":"bibr30-11795514221150615","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/pir.36.6.239"},{"key":"bibr31-11795514221150615","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.1.02295"},{"key":"bibr32-11795514221150615","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra042972"},{"key":"bibr33-11795514221150615","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc0809750"},{"key":"bibr34-11795514221150615","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-64-6-1241"},{"key":"bibr35-11795514221150615","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/ETJ-21-0073"},{"key":"bibr36-11795514221150615","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.85.10.6922"},{"key":"bibr37-11795514221150615","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-1944"},{"key":"bibr38-11795514221150615","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-21-0077"},{"key":"bibr39-11795514221150615","volume":"185","author":"Azizi F","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"bibr40-11795514221150615","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000490384"},{"key":"bibr41-11795514221150615","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-2569"},{"key":"bibr42-11795514221150615","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/2230-8210.152766"},{"key":"bibr43-11795514221150615","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2016.0343"},{"key":"bibr44-11795514221150615","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2016.03.009"},{"key":"bibr45-11795514221150615","first-page":"79","volume":"5","author":"Breuer C","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol"},{"key":"bibr46-11795514221150615","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/jpem-2019-0316"},{"key":"bibr47-11795514221150615","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2004.02152.x"},{"key":"bibr48-11795514221150615","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-031223"},{"key":"bibr49-11795514221150615","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000517174"},{"key":"bibr50-11795514221150615","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgab763"},{"key":"bibr51-11795514221150615","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1910434"},{"key":"bibr52-11795514221150615","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.14359"},{"key":"bibr53-11795514221150615","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ped4.12219"}],"container-title":["Clinical Medicine Insights: Endocrinology and Diabetes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/11795514221150615","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/11795514221150615","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/11795514221150615","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T20:06:44Z","timestamp":1777406804000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/11795514221150615"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"references-count":53,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/11795514221150615"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/11795514221150615","relation":{},"ISSN":["1179-5514","1179-5514"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1179-5514","type":"print"},{"value":"1179-5514","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"article-number":"11795514221150615"}}