{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T05:05:32Z","timestamp":1788930332816,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]],"date-time":"2024-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704067200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin Med Insights Endocrinol Diabetes"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The liver and thyroid hormones interact at multiple levels to maintain homoeostasis. The liver requires large adequate amounts of thyroid hormones to execute its metabolic functions optimally, and deficiency of thyroid hormones may lead to liver dysfunction. Hypothyroidism has been associated with abnormal lipid metabolism, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), hypothyroidism-induced myopathy, hypothyroidism-associated gallstones and occasionally, interferon-induced thyroid dysfunction. NAFLD remain an important association with hypothyroidism and further studies are needed that specifically compare the natural course of NAFLD secondary to hypothyroidism and primary NAFLD. Hepatic dysfunction associated with hypothyroidism is usually reverted by normalizing thyroid status. Large scale studies geared towards finding new and effective therapies, especially for NAFLD are needed. The clinician must be aware that there exists overlapping symptomatology between liver dysfunction and severe hypothyroidism which may make delay the diagnosis and treatment of hypothyroidism; this requires a high index of suspicion.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/11795514241231533","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,12]],"date-time":"2024-02-12T01:49:08Z","timestamp":1707702548000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Co-Morbid Hypothyroidism and Liver Dysfunction: A Review"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4257-7492","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ernest","family":"Yorke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-11795514241231533","volume-title":"StatPearls","author":"Shahid MA","year":"2024"},{"key":"bibr2-11795514241231533","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2006.0235"},{"key":"bibr3-11795514241231533","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1985.00360080056006"},{"key":"bibr4-11795514241231533","first-page":"48","volume-title":"Werner and Ingbar\u2019s the thyroid: a fundamental and clinical text","author":"Kopp P","year":"2013"},{"key":"bibr5-11795514241231533","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv-5-2-151"},{"key":"bibr6-11795514241231533","first-page":"285","volume-title":"The Liver in Systemic Disease","author":"Fagiuoli S","year":"1993"},{"key":"bibr7-11795514241231533","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-020-01208-6"},{"key":"bibr8-11795514241231533","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2017.00335"},{"key":"bibr9-11795514241231533","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2007.03068.x"},{"key":"bibr10-11795514241231533","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1041234"},{"key":"bibr11-11795514241231533","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v11.i35.5530"},{"key":"bibr12-11795514241231533","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29367"},{"key":"bibr13-11795514241231533","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4254\/wjh.v12.i12.1168"},{"key":"bibr14-11795514241231533","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28431"},{"key":"bibr15-11795514241231533","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26717"},{"key":"bibr16-11795514241231533","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1503519"},{"key":"bibr17-11795514241231533","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2013.41"},{"key":"bibr18-11795514241231533","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc17-1902"},{"key":"bibr19-11795514241231533","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-013-2743-5"},{"key":"bibr20-11795514241231533","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i25.8102"},{"key":"bibr21-11795514241231533","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2011.04016.x"},{"key":"bibr22-11795514241231533","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2016-1300"},{"key":"bibr23-11795514241231533","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1570161114666161007164510"},{"key":"bibr24-11795514241231533","volume":"12","author":"Pandolfo M","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatr Endocrinol Rev"},{"key":"bibr25-11795514241231533","first-page":"147","volume":"4","author":"Vyakaranam S","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Heal Sci Res"},{"key":"bibr26-11795514241231533","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2016.31.11.1761"},{"key":"bibr27-11795514241231533","volume":"2016","author":"Demir \u00dcn\u00fcbol M","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Endocrinol"},{"key":"bibr28-11795514241231533","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004836-200310000-00014"},{"key":"bibr29-11795514241231533","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-185X.2000.tb00054.x"},{"key":"bibr30-11795514241231533","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1633737100"},{"key":"bibr31-11795514241231533","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0702759104"},{"key":"bibr32-11795514241231533","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5603\/EP.2015.0036"},{"key":"bibr33-11795514241231533","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1478-3231.2009.02003.x"},{"key":"bibr34-11795514241231533","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2010.09.027"},{"key":"bibr35-11795514241231533","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-11-0074"},{"key":"bibr36-11795514241231533","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23800"},{"key":"bibr37-11795514241231533","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2014.12.006"},{"key":"bibr38-11795514241231533","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2017.02.015"},{"key":"bibr39-11795514241231533","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M047654"},{"key":"bibr40-11795514241231533","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5152\/tjg.2016.16106"},{"key":"bibr41-11795514241231533","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-7075-3-13"},{"key":"bibr42-11795514241231533","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20896"},{"key":"bibr43-11795514241231533","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2015.07.017"},{"key":"bibr44-11795514241231533","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2018.08.012"},{"key":"bibr45-11795514241231533","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000454920"},{"key":"bibr46-11795514241231533","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2017.0330"},{"key":"bibr47-11795514241231533","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.13151"},{"key":"bibr48-11795514241231533","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-1133"},{"key":"bibr49-11795514241231533","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2014.06.037"},{"key":"bibr50-11795514241231533","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2015.12.012"},{"key":"bibr51-11795514241231533","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.678326"},{"key":"bibr52-11795514241231533","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-11-0288"},{"key":"bibr53-11795514241231533","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2017.00706"},{"key":"bibr54-11795514241231533","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4254\/wjh.v6.i3.114"},{"key":"bibr55-11795514241231533","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(21)00531-8"},{"key":"bibr56-11795514241231533","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2006.05.004"},{"key":"bibr57-11795514241231533","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamcollsurg.2006.09.008"},{"key":"bibr58-11795514241231533","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-101-2-171"},{"key":"bibr59-11795514241231533","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0895-4356(89)90086-3"},{"key":"bibr60-11795514241231533","first-page":"919","volume":"47","author":"Inkinen J","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hepatogastroenterology"},{"key":"bibr61-11795514241231533","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2007-1316"},{"key":"bibr62-11795514241231533","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840090225"},{"key":"bibr63-11795514241231533","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/msy.2003.77"},{"key":"bibr64-11795514241231533","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1986.00360200204034"},{"key":"bibr65-11795514241231533","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.46.579"},{"key":"bibr66-11795514241231533","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/11795514221074672"},{"key":"bibr67-11795514241231533","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2009.07.004"},{"key":"bibr68-11795514241231533","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1993.tb02423.x"},{"key":"bibr69-11795514241231533","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/pmj.76.897.424"},{"key":"bibr70-11795514241231533","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-123-5-2167"},{"key":"bibr71-11795514241231533","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-007-0131-6"},{"key":"bibr72-11795514241231533","first-page":"949","volume":"121","author":"Bonvalet JP","year":"1970","journal-title":"Ann Med Interne"},{"key":"bibr73-11795514241231533","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197908303010902"},{"key":"bibr74-11795514241231533","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-146-4-200702200-00021"}],"container-title":["Clinical Medicine Insights: Endocrinology and Diabetes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/11795514241231533","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/11795514241231533","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/11795514241231533","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T20:00:06Z","timestamp":1777406406000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/11795514241231533"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"references-count":74,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/11795514241231533"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/11795514241231533","relation":{},"ISSN":["1179-5514","1179-5514"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1179-5514","type":"print"},{"value":"1179-5514","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"article-number":"11795514241231533"}}