{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T04:54:30Z","timestamp":1792990470091,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100019383","name":"Cipla","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100019383","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin Med Insights Endocrinol Diabetes"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The global rise in diabetes mellitus presents a major healthcare challenge due to its associated complications. Effective glycemic control, crucial for reducing diabetes-related morbidity and mortality, encompasses 3 key components: fasting plasma glucose (FPG), postprandial plasma glucose (PPG), and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c). While FPG and HbA1c are commonly used for evaluating glycemic control, PPG also significantly influences overall glucose management. Postprandial hyperglycemia, the early deviation in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), plays a dominant role in individuals with near-target HbA1c levels. Advances in continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) provide a more comprehensive understanding of PPG fluctuations, offering real-time data and reducing the limitations of traditional monitoring methods. CGM technology revolutionizes glycemic monitoring, enhancing the management of PPG and supporting better diabetes care. This review emphasizes the importance of monitoring and managing PPG throughout the postprandial state in individuals with diabetes. It further consolidates evidence highlighting the importance of viewing PPG as a continuum and the potential of CGM in improving PPG management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/11795514251370507","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,28]],"date-time":"2025-09-28T16:28:46Z","timestamp":1759076926000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Postprandial Glucose: A Variable in Continuum"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0990-5821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shashank","family":"Joshi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diabetology and Endocrinology, Lilavati Hospital and Research Center, Mumbai, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jothydev","family":"Kesavadev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jothydev\u2019s Diabetes &amp; Research Center, Trivandrum, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prasanna Kumar","family":"K M","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Diabetes &amp; Endocrine Care, Bengaluru, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Banshi","family":"Saboo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes Care &amp; Hormone Clinic, Ahmedabad, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adi","family":"Mehta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Cleveland Clinic, OH, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arpandev","family":"Bhattacharyya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Manipal Hospital, Bengaluru, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aravind","family":"Sosale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diacon Hospital, Bangalore, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Puthiyaveettil Khadar","family":"Jabbar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Government Medical College, Trivandrum, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Santosh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Magna Centres for Obesity, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Hyderabad, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vaishali","family":"Deshmukh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Deenanath Mangeshkar Hospital, Pune, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nilakshi","family":"Deka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Apollo Hospitals, Guwahati, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shambo Samrat","family":"Samajdar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Tropical Medicine, Kolkata, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","unstructured":"International Diabetes Federation. IDF Diabetes Atlas. 10th ed. Accessed November 11 2024. https:\/\/www.diabetesatlas.org."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(23)00119-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(22)00072-9"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","article-title":"The LongitudinAL Nationwide stuDy on Management And Real-world outComes of diabetes in India over 3 years (LANDMARC trial)","volume":"6","author":"Das AK","year":"2023","unstructured":"Das AK, Kalra S, Joshi S, et al. The LongitudinAL Nationwide stuDy on Management And Real-world outComes of diabetes in India over 3 years (LANDMARC trial). Endocrinol Diabetes Metab. 2023;6(5):e422.","journal-title":"Endocrinol Diabetes Metab"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2042018820937217"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2019-000654"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","article-title":"Clinical pharmacological reconciliation, review and feedback in ensuring patient safety","author":"Samajdar S","year":"2023","unstructured":"Samajdar S, Tripathi S. Clinical pharmacological reconciliation, review and feedback in ensuring patient safety. Authorea Preprints. 2023.","journal-title":"Authorea Preprints"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10070-8006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00325481.2017.1285191"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2006.11.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13690-015-0088-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4158\/EP.12.S1.42"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc08-9025"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","unstructured":"McCulloch DK. Management of persistent hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus. 2012. Accessed November 11 2024. http:\/\/www.uptodate.com\/contents\/management-ofpersistent-hyperglycemia-in-type-2-diabetes-mellitus"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13410-022-01143-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diaspect.17.3.183"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s001250100580"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4081\/itjm.2018.961"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18231\/j.ijcbr.2020.081"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.26.3.881"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.1149"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-005138"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.9845.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-010-9134-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.9.3.269"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz962"},{"issue":"123","key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","first-page":"24","article-title":"The importance of postprandial hyperglycaemia in development of cardiovascular disease in people with diabetes: point","author":"Haffner S","year":"2001","unstructured":"Haffner S. The importance of postprandial hyperglycaemia in development of cardiovascular disease in people with diabetes: point. Int J Clin Pract Suppl. 2001;123:24-26.","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pract Suppl"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","first-page":"57","article-title":"Update on postprandial hyperglycemia: the pathophysiology, prevalence, consequences and implications of treating diabetes","volume":"220","author":"Pin\u00e9s Corrales PJ","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pin\u00e9s Corrales PJ, Bellido Casta\u00f1eda V, Ampudia-Blasco FJ. Update on postprandial hyperglycemia: the pathophysiology, prevalence, consequences and implications of treating diabetes. Rev Clin Esp. 2020;220(1):57-68.","journal-title":"Rev Clin Esp"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s001250100020"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.164.19.2090"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-14152-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)12131-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc10-2414"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","first-page":"159","article-title":"Regulation of postabsorptive and postprandial glucose metabolism by insulin-dependent and insulin-independent mechanisms: an integrative approach","volume":"13","author":"Dimitriadis GD","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dimitriadis GD, Maratou E, Kountouri A, Board M, Lambadiari V. Regulation of postabsorptive and postprandial glucose metabolism by insulin-dependent and insulin-independent mechanisms: an integrative approach. Nutrition. 2021;13(1):159.","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","volume-title":"Personalized Predictive Modeling in Type 1 Diabetes","author":"Georga EI","year":"2017","unstructured":"Georga EI, Fotiadis DI, Tigas SK. Personalized Predictive Modeling in Type 1 Diabetes. Academic Press; 2017."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-S310"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-3056"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2016-1998"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.25.4.737"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2023.02.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2013.792772"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2019-001099"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_3_3_44_2","first-page":"1561","article-title":"Glycemic index (GI) or glycemic load (GL) and dietary interventions for optimizing postprandial hyperglycemia in patients with T2 diabetes: A review","volume":"12","author":"Vlachos D","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vlachos D, Malisova S, Lindberg FA, Karaniki G. Glycemic index (GI) or glycemic load (GL) and dietary interventions for optimizing postprandial hyperglycemia in patients with T2 diabetes: A review. Nutr. 2020;12(6):1561.","journal-title":"Nutr"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2018.07.007"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_3_3_46_2","first-page":"1763","article-title":"Effects of meal timing on postprandial glucose metabolism and blood metabolites in healthy adults","volume":"10","author":"Takahashi M","year":"2018","unstructured":"Takahashi M, Ozaki M, Kang M-I, et al. Effects of meal timing on postprandial glucose metabolism and blood metabolites in healthy adults. Nutrition. 2018;10(11):1763.","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e31822ac0c0"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_3_3_48_2","first-page":"14","article-title":"Stress-induced diabetes: a review","volume":"14","author":"Sharma K","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sharma K, Akre S, Chakole S, Wanjari MB. Stress-induced diabetes: a review. Cureus. 2022;14(9):14.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/cd18-0040"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_2","unstructured":"International Diabetes Federation. Guideline for management of postmeal glucose in diabetes. 2011. Accessed November 11 2024. https:\/\/idf.org\/media\/uploads\/2023\/05\/attachments-51.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2010.0239"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198805123181903"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc06-1612"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2362.30.s2.2.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc08-1264"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2018-00468"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2015.0065"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-015-0746-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2024.111589"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17446651.2020.1706482"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17925\/USE.2012.08.01.27"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/193229680700100121"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.22051"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_64_2","volume-title":"Blood Glucose Monitoring","author":"Mathew T","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mathew T, Zubair M, Tadi P. Blood Glucose Monitoring. StatPearls Publishing; 2024."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/31184"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_66_2","first-page":"1170","article-title":"Exercise Prescription for postprandial glycemic management","volume":"16","author":"Bellini A","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bellini A, Scotto di Palumbo A, Nicol\u00f2 A, Bazzucchi I, Sacchetti M. Exercise Prescription for postprandial glycemic management. Nutrition. 2024;16:1170.","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2017.00228"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scispo.2023.11.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diabetology3020018"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2011.03431.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.deman.2022.100068"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MED.0000000000000693"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_3_3_73_2","first-page":"992","article-title":"Flash glucose monitoring: a review of the literature with a special focus on type 1 diabetes","volume":"10","author":"Mancini G","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mancini G, Berioli MG, Santi E, et al. Flash glucose monitoring: a review of the literature with a special focus on type 1 diabetes. Nutrition. 2018;10(8):992.","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13300-019-0616-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1758-5996-5-39"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocv206"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/labmed-2019-0189"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13300-020-00996-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/19322968211053652"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2015.0417"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc17-1600"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_82_2","article-title":"Diabetes Technology: Standards of medical care in diabetes-2020","volume":"43","author":"American Diabetes A, 7. 7","year":"2020","unstructured":"American Diabetes A, 7. 7. Diabetes Technology: Standards of medical care in diabetes-2020. Diabetes Care. 2020;43(Suppl 1):S77-S88.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2016-2534"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.14981"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2023.06.021"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/4684815"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2012.0282"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_88_2","unstructured":"Reddy N Verma N Dungan K. Monitoring technologies-continuous glucose monitoring mobile technology biomarkers of glycemic control. Endotext. Published online November 11 2024. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK279046\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13300-021-01081-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_90_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/19322968221085273"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_91_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/JMDH.S493128"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_92_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2024.108831"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_3_3_93_2","first-page":"2305","article-title":"Determination of postprandial glycemic responses by continuous glucose monitoring in a real-world setting","volume":"11","author":"R\u00f6hling M","year":"2019","unstructured":"R\u00f6hling M, Martin T, Wonnemann M, et al. Determination of postprandial glycemic responses by continuous glucose monitoring in a real-world setting. Nutrition. 2019;11(10):2305.","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_94_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/cd20-0045"}],"container-title":["Clinical Medicine Insights: Endocrinology and Diabetes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/11795514251370507","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/11795514251370507","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/11795514251370507","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T20:00:16Z","timestamp":1777406416000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/11795514251370507"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"references-count":93,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/11795514251370507"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/11795514251370507","relation":{},"ISSN":["1179-5514","1179-5514"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1179-5514","type":"print"},{"value":"1179-5514","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"article-number":"11795514251370507"}}