{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T20:04:40Z","timestamp":1793045080953,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021YFC2701901"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC2701901"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin Med Insights Endocrinol Diabetes"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Insulin patch pumps offer advantages over multiple daily injections (MDI) for pediatric diabetes, but randomized trial evidence in Chinese children remains limited.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate the efficacy and safety of a tubeless insulin patch pump (Equil\u2122) compared with MDI in children and adolescents with diabetes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This multicenter, open-label, randomized, crossover, non-inferiority trial was conducted at seven pediatric endocrinology centers in China (September 2021 \u2013 October 2022). Patients aged 3\u201317 years with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) or type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) were randomized 1:1 to receive continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) via Equil\u2122 or MDI via insulin pen for 5 days, followed by crossover. The primary outcome was mean blood glucose (MBG). Non-inferiority margin was pre-specified as 0.386 mmol\/L. Secondary outcomes included glycemic variability (standard deviation of blood glucose, SDBG), glycated albumin (GA), total daily insulin dose (TDD), hypoglycemia frequency, and adverse events. Patient satisfaction was assessed using a study-specific 11-item questionnaire.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of 74 enrolled patients, 72 (97.3%) completed the study. CSII demonstrated non-inferiority to MDI for MBG (8.43\u00b11.88 mmol\/L, n=74, vs 9.00\u00b12.04 mmol\/L, n=72); mean difference -0.606 mmol\/L; 95% CI -0.988 to -0.223; upper CI limit -0.223 &lt; non-inferiority margin 0.386. No significant differences were observed for secondary outcomes (SDBG: 3.019 vs 3.357; GA change: 2.52\u00b13.03% vs 2.02\u00b13.25%, p=0.184; TDD: 132.17\u00b178.43 vs 147.52\u00b191.59 IU, p=0.159; hypoglycemia events: 114 vs 106). Adverse event rates were similar (75.7% vs 69.4%, p=0.399); no serious adverse events occurred. Patient satisfaction was significantly higher with CSII (total score 21.03\u00b14.47 vs 22.00\u00b13.99; mean difference -0.97, 95% CI -1.75 to -0.19; p=0.015), with 68.1% of patients preferring the patch pump.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The Equil\u2122 patch pump is non-inferior to MDI in terms of glycemic control and safety for pediatric diabetes patients, with higher patient satisfaction. These findings support the patch pump as an effective alternative for children and adolescents requiring exogenous insulin therapy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/11795514261486607","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T13:07:08Z","timestamp":1788786428000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Efficacy and Safety of an Insulin Patch Pump Compared to Multiple Daily Injections in Pediatric Patients With Diabetes: A Randomized, Open-Label, Crossover, Non-Inferiority Clinical Trial"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Junfen","family":"Fu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Children\u2019s Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine"},{"name":"National Clinical Research Center for Child Health"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sichuan University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yao","family":"Hui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wuhan Women and Children\u2019s Health Care Center (Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weiwei","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MicroTech Medical (Hangzhou) Co., Ltd."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8399-4201","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maudline Abra","family":"Novihoho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MicroTech Medical (Hangzhou) Co., Ltd."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_9_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.47363\/JORRR\/2023(4)144"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.3201"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_4_2","volume-title":"IDF Diabetes Atlas","author":"Diabetes Federation I","year":"2019","unstructured":"Diabetes Federation I. 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Chinese Journal of Diabetes. 2022;14(11):1143-1250.","journal-title":"Chinese Journal of Diabetes"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4274\/jcrpe.galenos.2022.2021-11-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60591-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa052187"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_9_12_2","first-page":"737","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes mellitus in children and youth: a new epidemic","volume":"15","author":"Kaufman FR","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kaufman FR. Type 2 diabetes mellitus in children and youth: a new epidemic. 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