{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,22]],"date-time":"2026-08-22T08:24:32Z","timestamp":1787387072624,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin Med Insights Oncol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, with a disproportionately high burden and late presentation in low- and middle-income countries. However, published data on the treatment patterns and survival outcomes in Ethiopia are limited. The aim of this study was to describe the treatment patterns and survival outcomes of patients with oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma diagnosed at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital (TASH).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a retrospective study on all adult patients diagnosed with primary OSCC between January 1, 2022, and December 31, 2024, at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital. Data were extracted, and descriptive statistics followed by Kaplan\u2013Meier survival analysis were used to evaluate survival outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 91 patients were included in the study, with a late presentation rate of 86.1% (clinical stage III and IV). The study population had a median age of 50 years (IQR: 42\u201358). Although 86.8% were initially planned for curative-intent treatment, only 52.7% ultimately received curative therapy, while 34.1% received palliative care and 13.3% received no treatment. Of the 48 patients who received curative-intent treatment, 64.6% underwent multimodality therapy, while 35.4% received single-modality therapy. Treatment patterns differed across clinical T stages. Most patients with T4b (80.0%) and T4a (63.9%) disease received non-curative treatment, whereas most patients with T3 (72.0%) and early-stage (T1\u2013T2) disease received curative-intent therapy. The median overall survival was 15.5 months, with 1-year and 3-year overall survival rates of 57.8% and 32.4%, respectively. Advanced stage and lack of curative treatment were associated with poorer survival.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Most patients present with advanced-stage disease. Survival was poor, and univariable analyses showed that advanced stage and lack of curative treatment were associated with worse overall survival. These findings highlight the need for earlier diagnosis and improved access to curative treatment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/11795549261480909","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T09:20:32Z","timestamp":1787217632000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Treatment Patterns and Survival Outcomes of Oral Cavity Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Ethiopia: A Retrospective Study From Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Woldemariam","family":"Beka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Addis Ababa University School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yonas","family":"Dandana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Addis Ababa University School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-4208-9538","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Birhanu Tesfaye","family":"Liyew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mizan-Tepi University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonia Worku","family":"Semayneh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Addis Ababa University School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eyasu","family":"Shelemo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jigjiga University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tadios","family":"Teka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Addis Ababa University School of Medicine"},{"name":"Habari Medical Plaza"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5334\/aogh.5003"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_3_2","volume-title":"Pathology and Genetics of Head and Neck Tumours","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2005","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Pathology and Genetics of Head and Neck Tumours. Lyon: IARC; 2005."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21660"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12939-023-01962-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/mmj.v27i3.2"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2008.05.017"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_8_2","unstructured":"National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology (NCCN Guidelines\u00ae): Head and Neck Cancers. Version 2.2026. Plymouth Meeting PA: National Comprehensive Cancer Network. 2025. Available from: https:\/\/www.nccn.org\/guidelines\/guidelines-detail?category=1&id=1432. Accessed 2026 Jul 2."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2020.07.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S6","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-509X.278975","article-title":"Indian clinical practice consensus guidelines for the management of oral cavity cancer","volume":"57","author":"Chaturvedi P","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chaturvedi P, Prabhash K, Babu G, et al. Indian clinical practice consensus guidelines for the management of oral cavity cancer. Indian J Cancer. 2020;57(Suppl):S6-S8.","journal-title":"Indian J Cancer"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_7_11_2","first-page":"84","volume":"31","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology (CSCO) diagnosis and treatment guidelines for head and neck cancer 2018 (English version). Chin J Cancer Res. 2019;31(1):84-98. Available from: https:\/\/www.cjcrcn.org\/guidelines.php [Accessed 2026 Jul 2].","journal-title":"Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology (CSCO) diagnosis and treatment guidelines for head and neck cancer 2018 (English version). Chin J Cancer Res"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4317\/medoral.23558"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s41199-018-0036-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2007.11.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/joc.2003.15.5.495"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_7_16_2","first-page":"153","article-title":"A retrospective histopathological review of oral squamous cell carcinoma in a Nigerian teaching hospital","volume":"40","author":"AdeyemiBF KBM","year":"2011","unstructured":"AdeyemiBF KBM, Akang EE. A retrospective histopathological review of oral squamous cell carcinoma in a Nigerian teaching hospital. Afr J Med Med Sci. 2011;40(2):153-158.","journal-title":"Afr J Med Med Sci"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-025-15238-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_18_2","volume-title":"Pattern and distribution of primary malignant lesions of oral and maxillofacial regions in patients treated at Jimma University Medical Center, a 5 years retrospective study [Master's thesis]. Jimma, Ethiopia: Jimma University","author":"H\/Kassim A","year":"2019","unstructured":"H\/Kassim A. Pattern and distribution of primary malignant lesions of oral and maxillofacial regions in patients treated at Jimma University Medical Center, a 5 years retrospective study [Master's thesis]. Jimma, Ethiopia: Jimma University. Institute of Health Sciences, School of Dental Medicine; 2019."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_19_2","volume-title":"Patterns of primary oral and maxillofacial malignancy at Jimma Medical Center: a cross-sectional study from 2018 to 2023 [Master's thesis]. Jimma, Ethiopia: Jimma University","author":"Jatani GG","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jatani GG. Patterns of primary oral and maxillofacial malignancy at Jimma Medical Center: a cross-sectional study from 2018 to 2023 [Master's thesis]. Jimma, Ethiopia: Jimma University. Institute of Health Sciences, School of Dental Medicine; 2023."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3332\/ecancer.2024.1669"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26719\/2009.15.2.369"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.124.9.951"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_7_23_2","first-page":"278","article-title":"Survival analysis in a sample of oral cancer patients at a reference hospital in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil","volume":"34","author":"Leite ICG","year":"1998","unstructured":"Leite ICG, Koifman S. Survival analysis in a sample of oral cancer patients at a reference hospital in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. 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