{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T12:32:35Z","timestamp":1777984355276,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773100800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013302","name":"king abdullah international medical research center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013302","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin Med Insights Pediatr"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The emergence of COVID-19 has placed unprecedented pressure on healthcare systems worldwide. Although the clinical features of COVID-19 are well-documented in adults, limited data are available regarding its impact on infants, particularly across different age groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To compare the clinical presentation, laboratory findings, and outcomes of infants aged \u2a7d6\u2009months with those aged &gt;6\u2009months diagnosed with COVID-19.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Retrospective cross-sectional study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study was conducted at a tertiary pediatric hospital in Saudi Arabia. Data were extracted from electronic medical records of 388 infants with confirmed COVID-19 between March 2020 and December 2022. Demographic information, clinical signs and symptoms, laboratory parameters, and clinical outcomes were analyzed and compared between the two age groups using appropriate statistical methods.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Among 388 infants diagnosed with COVID-19, 54.6% were aged \u2a7d6\u2009months. Less than half of the cohort was symptomatic, with fever (41.0%), cough (37.1%), and rhinorrhea (20.1%) being the most common symptoms. Gastrointestinal symptoms differed significantly by age: infants &gt;6\u2009months had higher rates of diarrhea than those \u2a7d6\u2009months (58.6% vs 41.4%,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009.028). Most infants had normal white blood cell (WBC) counts (76.5%), though WBC abnormalities varied by age group: leukopenia was more frequent in infants \u2a7d6\u2009months, while leukocytosis was more common in older infants (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009.009). Elevated C-reactive protein was observed in 63.0% of tested infants, and hyperglycemia was detected in 83.6%. COVID-19-related mortality was low (1.03%), primarily affecting infants \u2a7d3\u2009months with pre-existing comorbidities.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>SARS-CoV-2 infection in infants was generally mild, with low rates of complications and mortality. However, infants aged \u2a7d6\u2009months demonstrated greater clinical vulnerability compared to older infants. These findings underscore age-specific differences in clinical presentation and support the need for tailored risk assessment and management approaches in pediatric care.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/11795565261425648","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T14:38:16Z","timestamp":1773239896000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["SARS-CoV-2 in Infants: Clinical Patterns, Laboratory Findings, and Implications for Pediatric Care in Viral Outbreaks"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6319-2669","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marwh G.","family":"Aldriwesh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Ministry of the National Guard - Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Norah F.","family":"Abukhalid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Ministry of the National Guard - Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah M.","family":"Alotaibi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Ministry of the National Guard - Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raneem M.","family":"Alghamdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Ministry of the National Guard - Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shomoukh S.","family":"Alotaibi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Ministry of the National Guard - Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6021-4436","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Winnie","family":"Philip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Ministry of the National Guard - Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Research and Innovation Unit, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raniah S.","family":"Alotibi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Ministry of the National Guard - Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-021-01432-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001017"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2020-320042"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.2648"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","article-title":"Epidemiological characteristics and outcomes of COVID-19 in asymptomatic versus symptomatic patients","volume":"62","author":"Piraee E","year":"2021","unstructured":"Piraee E, Davoodi M, Valipour A, Ghojogh MG, Jafari A, Azarbakhsh H. 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