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These non-motor symptoms can be more debilitating than the hallmark motor impairments of PD, profoundly affecting patients\u2019 quality of life. The burden of GI issues in PD extends beyond discomfort, contributing to malnutrition, weight loss, and impaired medication absorption, which can exacerbate both motor and non-motor symptoms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Despite their clinical significance, GI symptoms are frequently overlooked or mismanaged in routine practice. Inappropriate treatments, including certain medications and dietary recommendations, may inadvertently worsen the disease course. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of GI dysfunction in PD is critical for clinicians, especially neurologists, to optimize patient care. This review provides an updated overview of the common GI manifestations in PD, including drooling, dyspepsia and dysphagia, gastroparesis, constipation,\n                    <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection, and small intestinal bacterial overgrowth. We discuss current diagnostic approaches, non-pharmacological and pharmacological treatment strategies. Recognizing and appropriately managing GI dysfunction in PD is essential for optimizing symptom control and improving patients\u2019 overall well-being.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/11795735251370014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]],"date-time":"2025-08-13T14:20:22Z","timestamp":1755094822000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Management of Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Parkinson\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Han-Lin","family":"Chiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of General Neurology, Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8566-7573","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chin-Hsien","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_8_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2020.05.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000200113"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2015-311680"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2022.12.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0000000000001961"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27802"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.06.021"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI81121"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_10_2","first-page":"203","article-title":"The gut-brain axis: interactions between enteric microbiota, central and enteric nervous systems","volume":"28","author":"Carabotti M","year":"2015","unstructured":"Carabotti M, Scirocco A, Maselli MA, Severi C. 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