{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T02:39:24Z","timestamp":1777516764494,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768348800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768348800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Cent Nerv Syst Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aims to assess whether adult patients with encephalitis from different racial and ethnic backgrounds exhibit significant differences in clinical presentation, diagnostic findings, and outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A retrospective cohort study was conducted by utilizing the electronic health records of encephalitis patients in the greater Houston and Baltimore areas. Patients were categorized by race\/ethnicity into White or ethnic minority (including Black, Hispanic, and Asian patients). Data was analyzed for the presence of significant differences in clinical characteristics between the two groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Among 599 patients, 312 (52.1%) were White and 287 (47.9%) were of an ethnic minority. White patients were more often over sixty years-old upon presentation (43.1% vs 23.9%,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001) and more likely to present with memory deficits (36% vs 26.3%,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.012). Ethnic minority patients more frequently presented with co-existing HIV (20.3% vs 3.4%,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001), severe organ dysfunction (44% vs 34.4%,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.028), cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pleocytosis (white blood cell count \u22655\u00a0cells\/\u00b5L) (83.1% vs 69.3%,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001), and abnormal electroencephalogram (EEG) findings (84.3% vs 71.9%,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.035). Ethnic minority patients also had worse outcomes on the Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) as defined by GOS &lt;4 (59.3% vs 47.2%,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.005). Binary logistic regression identified abnormal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) &lt;13 as independent predictors of an adverse clinical outcome (GOS &lt;4) with an adjusted odds ratio [95% confidence interval] (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      value) of 1.609 [1.042-2.486] (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.032) and 2.689 [1.675-4.317] (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .001), respectively.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ethnic minority patients with encephalitis present at a younger age and are more likely to have co-existing HIV, severe initial organ dysfunction, CSF pleocytosis, abnormal EEG findings, and worse clinical outcomes. Abnormal MRI and GCS &lt;13 are independent predictors of an unfavorable clinical outcome and may aid in risk stratification.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/11795735251414833","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T06:53:38Z","timestamp":1768546418000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes in Adults With Encephalitis: A Retrospective Study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8897-7590","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sienna","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UTHealth Science Center"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rodrigo","family":"Hasbun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UTHealth Science Center"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ralph","family":"Habis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jordan","family":"Benderoth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ivany","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UTHealth Science Center"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ashutosh","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UTHealth Science Center"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Megan","family":"Goyal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UTHealth Science Center"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arun","family":"Venkatesan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John C.","family":"Probasco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paris","family":"Bean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UTHealth Science Center"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ashley","family":"Heck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UTHealth Science Center"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laya","family":"Rao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UTHealth Science Center"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rajesh K.","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UTHealth Science Center"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)00401-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0104169"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000000086"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458519887328"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-022-00735-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000013230"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aws256"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21756"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(10)70253-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25131"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e318290614f"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit458"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9681(87)90171-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(74)91639-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20611"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01709751"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(75)92830-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofaf332"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2022.2456"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2024.11.028"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-022-02544-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12939-020-01223-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciae391"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.14328"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2006.09.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz635"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000200255"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000006990"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-023-01165-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20220555"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000001389"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0035610"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22062860"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2022.100989"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2024.123260"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2018.04.008"}],"container-title":["Journal of Central Nervous System Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/11795735251414833","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/11795735251414833","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/11795735251414833","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T15:59:56Z","timestamp":1777391996000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/11795735251414833"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]]},"references-count":37,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/11795735251414833"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/11795735251414833","relation":{},"ISSN":["1179-5735","1179-5735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1179-5735","type":"print"},{"value":"1179-5735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]]},"article-number":"11795735251414833"}}