{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T17:15:49Z","timestamp":1788023749214,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000266","name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Biomed Eng Comput Biol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder of late life that causes cognitive and functional decline and substantial mortality. Machine learning (ML) is increasingly used to discover patterns in clinical and biomarker data that support earlier and more accurate AD detection.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This scoping review addresses three core research questions. First, we investigate recent trends in using machine-learning techniques to detect Alzheimer\u2019s disease using blood biomarkers. Second, we identify the blood biomarkers involved in Alzheimer\u2019s detection and evaluate how machine learning has been applied to improve the diagnostic capabilities of these biomarkers. Third, we highlight significant challenges associated with using machine learning for blood biomarker data in Alzheimer\u2019s detection and examine proposed advancements or solutions to handle these problems.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In June 2025, we searched six academic databases to identify relevant papers on blood biomarkers and ML methods for Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. Search queries were developed based on our predefined research questions. Papers were then screened using defined inclusion and exclusion criteria, where titles, abstracts, and full texts of articles were systematically reviewed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Following the screening approach, we selected 36 papers that fulfilled our inclusion and exclusion criteria. Through careful examination, we classified blood biomarkers into four types: transcriptomics, proteomics, multi-omic biomarkers, and general elemental blood biomarkers. Across these studies, proteomic blood biomarkers consistently emerged as significant indicators for Alzheimer\u2019s disease, including Alpha-2-Macroglobulin (A2M), Apolipoprotein E (ApoE), Eotaxin-3 (EOT3), plasma phosphorylated tau (p-tau 181), and neurofilament light chain (NfL). Furthermore, we explored challenges such as small sample sizes, lack of standardization, heterogeneity, and data imbalance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This review provides insights into how combining blood biomarkers with ML can enhance AD prediction. The review summarizes key challenges and identifies critical gaps for future research.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/11795972261481838","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T20:03:16Z","timestamp":1787774596000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Scoping Review of Machine Learning-Based Prediction of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Using Blood Biomarkers"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-3289-4357","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Hamza Rafique","family":"Bhatti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Plymouth"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amir","family":"Aly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Plymouth"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asiya","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Plymouth"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shakil","family":"Awan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Plymouth"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/AIBThings58340.2023.10292491"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIAfS52090.2021.9606093"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2021.768229"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imu.2022.101083"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCCMLA56841.2022.9989117"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s23198272"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.1040001"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2020.2984355"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2024.116128"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2023.137609"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12111592"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.16392"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/AiDAS63860.2024.10730261"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/genes13101738"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/BIBM52615.2021.9669730"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-215502"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuri.2021.100012"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2021.651232"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-023-01304-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-0850"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fdgth.2022.875895"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICITR61062.2023.10382833"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23095237"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-43956-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241915011"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1373\/jalm.2019.029595"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.14230"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781394175253.ch1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"2023 IEEE International Symposium on Product Compliance Engineering-Asia (ISPCE-ASIA)","author":"Zhou T","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhou T, Chen X, Shen Y, et al. 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