{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T17:51:04Z","timestamp":1785865864255,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,1]],"date-time":"2012-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1341100800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Cutan Med Surg"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Topical calcineurin inhibitors have been studied in many skin disorders, including lichen planus.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate published reports of the use of topical calcineurin inhibitors in lichen planus.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We searched PubMed, Ovid\/Cochrane, and Embase using the keywords \u201ctacrolimus,\u201d \u201cpimecrolimus,\u201d \u201ctopical calcineurin inhibitors,\u201d and \u201clichen planus.\u201d<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We examined 5 double-blind studies, 1 investigator-blinded study, 10 open prospective studies, 6 retrospective studies, and 28 case reports evaluating tacrolimus or pimecrolimus for oral, vulvovaginal, and cutaneous lichen planus.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Strong evidence (double-blind and open studies) supports the use of topical tacrolimus ointment in oral lichen planus, with efficacy at least equal to topical clobetasol propionate 0.05% ointment. Treatment of oral lichen planus with topical tacrolimus ointment can result in demonstrable blood tacrolimus levels, but without clinically significant adverse events. Strong evidence (double-blind and open studies) supports the use of topical pimecrolimus 1% cream in oral lichen planus, with efficacy equal to that of topical triamcinolone acetonide 0.1% paste. For vulvovaginal lichen planus, pimecrolimus was superior to placebo in one double-blind study, and tacrolimus was effective in open studies. Only case reports support the efficacy of topical calcineurin inhibitors in cutaneous lichen planus.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/120347541201600403","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,11]],"date-time":"2017-01-11T10:24:32Z","timestamp":1484130272000},"page":"221-229","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Efficacy of Topical Calcineurin Inhibitors in Lichen Planus"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Michael","family":"Samycia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry and the Division of Dermatology and Cutaneous Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew N.","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry and the Division of Dermatology and Cutaneous Sciences, 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