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Given the natural course of this spontaneously remitting\/relapsing condition, controls are needed to critically appraise studies and determine the value of treatments. We report a systematic review of placebo-controlled or comparative therapeutic trials for the treatment of idiopathic chilblains. Our search of PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane databases, identified 11 studies that met our inclusion criteria for a combined study population n = 576. Therapies included nifedipine, pentoxifylline, tadalafil, topical glyceryl trinitrate (GTN), topical minoxidil, diltiazem, corticosteroids, and vitamin D. There was moderate evidence to support the use of nifedipine and pentoxifylline in the treatment of severe or refractory cases of idiopathic chilblains, while other therapies had inadequate evidence or nonsignificant results compared to placebo.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1203475421995130","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,2]],"date-time":"2021-03-02T22:29:35Z","timestamp":1614724175000},"page":"530-542","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Pharmacologic Treatment of Idiopathic Chilblains (Pernio): A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2114-4607","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michelle","family":"Pratt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa and the Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farhan","family":"Mahmood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, K1H 8L1, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4015-8377","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark G.","family":"Kirchhof","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa and the Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, K1H 8L1, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1203475421995130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d2708"},{"key":"bibr2-1203475421995130","volume-title":"Dermatology\/ [Philadelphia]","author":"Bolognia JL.","year":"2018"},{"key":"bibr3-1203475421995130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wem.2009.12.023"},{"key":"bibr4-1203475421995130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/fampra\/cmw052"},{"key":"bibr5-1203475421995130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00011-020-01370-w"},{"key":"bibr6-1203475421995130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1989.tb07792.x"},{"key":"bibr7-1203475421995130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.293.6552.923-a"},{"key":"bibr8-1203475421995130","unstructured":"OCEBM Levels of Evidence Working Group. \u201cThe oxford levels of evidence 2.\u201d Oxford centre for evidence-based medicine. 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