{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T16:02:28Z","timestamp":1783180948105,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,21]],"date-time":"2008-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1200873600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Mult Scler"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Background Fictional portrayals of multiple sclerosis (MS) in film and on television have remained largely unexamined to date. The aim of this review is consequently to catalog and analyse every available film with an MS motif.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Method The author has identified relevant productions by means of international film databases and by handsearch. Each film is systematically evaluated along neurological and cinematic lines.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Results Between 1941 and 2006 MS appeared as a theme in 23 films. Because screenplay writers often make use of medical knowledge, from a neurological perspective many films present a largely accurate picture of this disease's symptoms. The visual character of the medium and the effects of dramatic composition result in the prominence of certain symptoms. Ataxia, paralysis, blurred vision and fatigue are found in films with the same frequency as in epidemiological studies whereas sensory symptoms, eye movement disorders, incontinence and difficulties with sexual function were underrepresented. These films thematize the effects of MS on patients' self-image, the psychological adaptation process and their relations with proxy in a special way. Parallel with improvements in therapy and changing social attitudes toward the handicapped, these films have progressed from the earlier `disaster' to modern `coping' stories.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Conclusion The often life-like portrayal of MS distinguishes these films from the stereotypic representation of other neurological diseases. Because representations of MS in popular media have an immediate effect on an audience of millions, they deserve greater attention from professional neurology. Multiple Sclerosis 2008; 14: 530\u2014540. http:\/\/msj.sagepub.com<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458507084587","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,21]],"date-time":"2008-01-21T20:33:38Z","timestamp":1200947618000},"page":"530-540","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Multiple sclerosis on-screen: from disaster to coping"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Axel","family":"Karenberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for the History of Medicine and Medical Ethics, University of                         Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Stra\u00dfe 20, D-50931 Cologne, Germany,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","volume-title":"Multiple sclerosis through history and human life","author":"Swiderski RM","year":"1998"},{"key":"atypb2","volume-title":"Multiple sclerosis: the history of a disease","author":"Murray TJ","year":"2005"},{"key":"atypb3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000210497.62202.e9"},{"key":"atypb4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-198106000-00023"},{"key":"atypb5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1999.tb00836.x"},{"key":"atypb6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2001-12276"},{"key":"atypb7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(03)00589-1"},{"key":"atypb8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.144.8.996"},{"key":"atypb9","first-page":"65","author":"Heiner S.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mabuse"},{"key":"atypb10","author":"Liebeneiner W.","year":"1941","journal-title":"Tobis Filmkunst"},{"key":"atypb11","author":"Grigoriou G.","year":"1969","journal-title":"Art Films"},{"key":"atypb12","author":"Konchalovsky A.","year":"1986","journal-title":"Golan-Globus Productions"},{"key":"atypb13","author":"Kedzielewska G.","year":"1987","journal-title":"Zespol Filmowy `Oko'"},{"key":"atypb14","author":"Lambert M.","year":"1989","journal-title":"Laurel Productions, Paramount Pictures"},{"key":"atypb15","volume-title":"In sickness and in health","author":"Bleckner J.","year":"1992"},{"key":"atypb16","volume-title":"A prayer before birth","author":"Duckworth J.","year":"1991"},{"key":"atypb17","volume-title":"Vlinder tilt de kat op","author":"van Ammelrooy W.","year":"1994"},{"key":"atypb18","author":"Winterbottom M.","year":"1995","journal-title":"BBC, Polygram Filmed Entertainment, Revolution Films"},{"key":"atypb19","author":"Corcoran B.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Fireworks Entertainment, Once Upon a Time Films, Savoy Pictures Television"},{"key":"atypb20","author":"Goldberg H Eden.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Edenstreet Productions"},{"key":"atypb21","volume-title":"Arts Council of England, British Screen Productions, Channel Four Films, Intermedia Films","author":"Tucker A. 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Fox Family Channel","author":"Head J.","year":"2000"},{"key":"atypb25","author":"Sch\u00fcbel R.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Relevant Film"},{"key":"atypb26","author":"Vacirca P.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Paolo Entertainment"},{"key":"atypb27","author":"Bannert W.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Odeon Film"},{"key":"atypb28","volume-title":"Twitch","author":"Meyerhoff L.","year":"2005"},{"key":"atypb29","author":"Geschonneck M.","year":"2006","journal-title":"MOOVIE the art of entertainment"},{"key":"atypb30","author":"Rosenm\u00fcller MO","year":"2005","journal-title":"CineCentrum"},{"key":"atypb31","author":"F\u00fcrneisen B.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Regina Ziegler Filmproduktion"},{"key":"atypb32","volume-title":"Dreamland","author":"Matzner J.","year":"2006"},{"key":"atypb33","unstructured":"Rost KL `Ich klage an' - ein historischer Film? In                      Benzenh\u00f6fer U                 ,                      Eckart WU                  eds. Medizin im Spielfilm des Nationalsozialismus.                      Burgverlag 1990, 34-51."},{"key":"atypb34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s100720170011"},{"key":"atypb35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2006.01342.x"},{"key":"atypb36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/070674370404900302"},{"key":"atypb37","volume-title":"Interview with German screenwriter Silke Zertz dated 13 March 2006","year":"2006"},{"key":"atypb38","volume-title":"Jacqueline du Pr\u00e9: a biography","author":"Easton C.","year":"1989"},{"key":"atypb39","first-page":"85","volume":"19","author":"Corona T.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurolog\u00eda"},{"key":"atypb40","volume-title":"Psychiatry and the cinema","author":"Gabbard GO","year":"1999","edition":"2"},{"key":"atypb41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0037-7856(77)90071-3"},{"key":"atypb42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1191\/1352458504ms967oa"},{"key":"atypb43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327027hc2001_7"}],"container-title":["Multiple Sclerosis Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1352458507084587","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1352458507084587","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T03:23:13Z","timestamp":1777692193000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/1352458507084587"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,21]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/1352458507084587"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1352458507084587","relation":{},"ISSN":["1352-4585","1477-0970"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1352-4585","type":"print"},{"value":"1477-0970","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,21]]}}}