{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T20:34:38Z","timestamp":1790886878230,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,12]],"date-time":"2010-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1273622400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Mult Scler"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Few studies report a protective role of childhood solar exposure to multiple sclerosis. Our objective was to confirm the protective role of childhood solar exposure in multiple sclerosis in Cuba, Martinique and Sicily. This was a matched case\u2014 control study, and cases met Poser criteria for clinically, laboratory (definite, probable) multiple sclerosis. Controls were resident population, without neurological disorder, living close to cases (within 100 km), matched for sex, age (\u00b15 years), residence before age 15. We recruited 551 subjects during a 1-year period (193 cases, Cuba n = 95, Sicily n = 50, Martinique n = 48; 358 controls). Some (89%) met definite clinical multiple sclerosis criteria (relapsing remitting form (with and without sequel) (74%), secondary progressive (21%), primary progressive (5%)). Odds ratios in a uni-variate analysis were: family history of multiple sclerosis (5.1) and autoimmune disorder (4.0); wearing shirt (3.5), hat (2.7), pants (2.4); sun exposure causing sunburn (1.8); sun exposure duration (1 h more\/day; weekends 0.91, weekdays 0.86); bare-chested (0.6); water sports (0.2). Independent factors in the multivariate analysis were family history of multiple sclerosis (4.8 (1.50\u201415.10)), wearing pants under sunlight (1.9 (1.10\u20143.20)), sun exposure duration (1 h more\/ day, weekdays 0.90 (0.85\u20140.98), weekends 0.93 (0.87\u20140.99)), water sports (0.23 (0.13\u20140.40)). We conclude that outdoor leisure activities in addition to sun exposure reports are associated with a reduced multiple sclerosis risk, with evidence of dose response.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458510366856","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,12]],"date-time":"2010-05-12T21:35:52Z","timestamp":1273700152000},"page":"899-908","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Multiple sclerosis and solar exposure before the age of 15 years: case\u2014control study in Cuba, Martinique and Sicily"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"F.","family":"Dalmay","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Limoges, IFR 145 GEIST, Institut de Neurologie Tropicale; EA 3174 NeuroEpid\u00e9miologie Tropicale et Compar\u00e9e, Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine, Limoges, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Bhalla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Limoges, IFR 145 GEIST, Institut de Neurologie Tropicale; EA 3174 NeuroEpid\u00e9miologie Tropicale et Compar\u00e9e, Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine, Limoges, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Nicoletti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"JA","family":"Cabrera-Gomez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Multiple Sclerosis Society of Cuba and International Neurological Restoration Center, Havana City, Cuba"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Cabre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, CHU Fort de France, Fort de France, Martinique, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tropical Medicine, La Habana, Cuba"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Druet-Cabanac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Limoges, IFR 145 GEIST, Institut de Neurologie Tropicale; EA 3174 NeuroEpid\u00e9miologie Tropicale et Compar\u00e9e, Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine, Limoges, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Dumas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Limoges, IFR 145 GEIST, Institut de Neurologie Tropicale; EA 3174 NeuroEpid\u00e9miologie Tropicale et Compar\u00e9e, Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine, Limoges, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"PM","family":"Preux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Limoges, IFR 145 GEIST, Institut de Neurologie Tropicale; EA 3174 NeuroEpid\u00e9miologie Tropicale et Compar\u00e9e, Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine, Limoges, France,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1960.tb08674.x"},{"key":"atypb2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.327.7410.316"},{"key":"atypb3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.57.6.418"},{"key":"atypb4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000268266.50850.48"},{"key":"atypb5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1191\/1352458505ms1202oa"},{"key":"atypb6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.28.10.978"},{"key":"atypb7","first-page":"1068","volume":"1","author":"Heltberg A.","year":"1982","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"atypb8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1988.00520340062013"},{"key":"atypb9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/88.2.441"},{"key":"atypb10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hci135"},{"key":"atypb11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(06)70581-6"},{"key":"atypb12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3783","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.160.8.3783","volume":"160","author":"Shreedhar V.","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"atypb13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000166602"},{"key":"atypb14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.05-5227fje"},{"key":"atypb15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00207459108986271"},{"key":"atypb16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00207459308994277"},{"key":"atypb17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000097853"},{"key":"atypb18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh624"},{"key":"atypb19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000080097"},{"key":"atypb20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000180628.38786.85"},{"key":"atypb21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410130302"},{"key":"atypb22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.33.11.1444"},{"key":"atypb23","first-page":"1529","volume":"344","author":"Harrison SL","year":"1994","journal-title":"Australian children. Lancet"},{"key":"atypb24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-05-0969"},{"key":"atypb25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1962.04210040005001"},{"key":"atypb26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1646"},{"key":"atypb27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665100000768"},{"key":"atypb28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-483X(02)00257-3"},{"key":"atypb29","unstructured":"Jeanmougin M. Peau et soleil. In: EMC Cosm\u00e9tologie et dermatologie esth\u00e9tique. Paris: Elsevier, 2000, 50-060-A-10, p.8."},{"key":"atypb30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.112.6.1394"},{"key":"atypb31","first-page":"529","volume":"52","author":"Confavreux C.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Rev Prat"},{"key":"atypb32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1054\/mehy.2000.1109"},{"key":"atypb33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1080\/13550280390194046","volume":"9","author":"Fazakerley JK","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Neurovirol"},{"key":"atypb34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0303-8467(02)00032-X"},{"key":"atypb35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1567-5769(01)00178-3"},{"key":"atypb36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1562\/2004-11-19-RN-375"},{"key":"atypb37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/55.6.1126"},{"key":"atypb38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-006-0395-5"},{"key":"atypb39","first-page":"15","volume":"117","author":"Alonso A.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"atypb40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1191\/1352458504ms1087oa"},{"key":"atypb41","author":"Ramagopalan SV","year":"2006","journal-title":"ASHG Annual Meeting"},{"key":"atypb42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/123.6.1102"}],"container-title":["Multiple Sclerosis Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1352458510366856","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1352458510366856","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T03:28:16Z","timestamp":1777692496000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/1352458510366856"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,12]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/1352458510366856"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1352458510366856","relation":{},"ISSN":["1352-4585","1477-0970"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1352-4585","type":"print"},{"value":"1477-0970","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,12]]}}}