{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T00:10:59Z","timestamp":1792714259999,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,3]],"date-time":"2012-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1343952000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Mult Scler"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The effective treatment of neuromyelitis optica (NMO) with rituximab has suggested an important role for B cells in NMO pathogenesis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To explore the antibody-independent function of B cells in NMO and relapsing\u2013remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Fifty-one NMO patients and 42 RRMS patients in an acute relapse phase and 37 healthy controls (HC) were enrolled in the study. The B cell expression of B cell activating factor receptor (BAFF-R), CXCR5 and very late antigen-4 (VLA-4), the B cell production of interleukin (IL)-10 and interferon (IFN)-\u03b3 and the proportion of circulating memory and CD19\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      CD24\n                      <jats:sup>high<\/jats:sup>\n                      CD38\n                      <jats:sup>high<\/jats:sup>\n                      regulatory B cells were evaluated by flow cytometry. The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of BAFF and CXCL13 were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The CD19\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      CD24\n                      <jats:sup>high<\/jats:sup>\n                      CD38\n                      <jats:sup>high<\/jats:sup>\n                      regulatory B cell levels and the B cell expression of IL-10 were significantly lower in NMO patients than in RRMS patients and the HC. In aquaporin-4 antibody (AQP4-ab)-positive NMO patients, the B cell IL-10 production and CD19\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      CD24\n                      <jats:sup>high<\/jats:sup>\n                      CD38\n                      <jats:sup>high<\/jats:sup>\n                      regulatory B cell levels were even lower than in AQP4-ab-negative NMO patients. The CSF BAFF and CXCL13 levels were significantly higher in NMO patients than in patients with RRMS and other non-inflammatory neurologic diseases (ONDs).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The immuno-regulatory properties of B cells are significantly impaired in NMO patients and particularly in AQP4-ab-positive NMO patients. The elevated CSF levels of BAFF and CXCL13 in NMO suggest an enhanced intrathecal B cell recruitment and activation. Our results further define the distinct immunological nature of NMO and RRMS from the B cell perspective.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458512454771","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,4]],"date-time":"2012-08-04T00:02:57Z","timestamp":1344038577000},"page":"289-298","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":68,"title":["Impaired regulatory function and enhanced intrathecal activation of B cells in neuromyelitis optica: distinct from multiple sclerosis"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Chao","family":"Quan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hai","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai 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