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Two reviewers independently screened abstracts. One reviewer abstracted data using a standardized form and the abstraction was verified by a second reviewer. We assessed study quality using a standardized approach. We quantitatively assessed population-based studies using the\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">I<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      statistic, and conducted random-effects meta-analyses.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We included 249 articles. Study designs were variable with respect to source populations, case definitions, methods of ascertainment and approaches to reporting findings. Prevalence was reported more frequently than incidence; estimates for prevalence and incidence varied substantially for all conditions. Heterogeneity was high.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This review highlights substantial gaps in the epidemiological knowledge of comorbidity in MS worldwide. Little is known about comorbidity in Central or South America, Asia or Africa. Findings in North America and Europe are inconsistent. Future studies should report age-, sex- and ethnicity-specific estimates of incidence and prevalence, and standardize findings to a common population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458514564491","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,26]],"date-time":"2015-01-26T21:24:26Z","timestamp":1422307466000},"page":"263-281","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":365,"title":["A systematic review of the incidence and prevalence of comorbidity in multiple sclerosis: Overview"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Ruth Ann","family":"Marrie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Canada\/Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Health Sciences Center, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey","family":"Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mellen Center for MS Treatment and Research, Cleveland Clinic, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olaf","family":"Stuve","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Trojano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Per Soelberg","family":"S\u00f8rensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Reingold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific and Clinical Review Associates, LLC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gary","family":"Cutter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadia","family":"Reider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000333252.78173.5f"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181d6b125"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458507078393"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7224\/1537-2073-11.1.6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2012-304740"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-013-7041-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2010.02971.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458508092263"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000320245"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458513475833"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","first-page":"303","article-title":"The incidence and prevalence of psychiatric disorders in multiple sclerosis: A systematic review","volume":"21","author":"Marrie R","year":"2015","unstructured":"Marrie R, Reider N, Cohen J, . 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