{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T22:22:07Z","timestamp":1791843727316,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,11]],"date-time":"2016-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1468195200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Mult Scler"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To assess retinal ganglion cell (RGC) injury and sex differences in axon loss in pediatric multiple sclerosis (MS).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This is a cross-sectional evaluation of consecutive pediatric MS subjects and controls. Eyes with acute optic neuritis (ON) within 6 months of visit were excluded. Spectral domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) included peripapillary ring and macular scans with post-acquisition segmentation of retinal layers using automated software (Heidelberg v1.8.6.0). Generalized estimating equations (GEEs) measured associations of sex, history of ON, disease duration, and age with OCT outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In all, 53 MS subjects (100 eyes, median disease duration\u2009=\u20091.0\u2009years, interquartile range (IQR)\u2009=\u20090.3, 2.5) were compared to 19 control subjects (38 eyes). Eyes with history of ON showed reduced retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL: \u221226.8\u2009\u00b5m, 95% confidence interval (CI)\u2009=\u2009\u221238.9, \u221214.8, p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and 26% lower ganglion cell layer (GCL) volumes (\u22120.12\u2009mm\n                      <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                      , 95% CI\u2009=\u2009\u22120.16, \u22120.072, p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) compared to control eyes. Non-ON MS eyes had lower temporal RNFL (\u221211.9\u2009\u00b5m, 95% CI\u2009=\u2009\u221218.6, \u22125.3, p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and GCL volumes (\u22120.036\u2009mm\n                      <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                      , 95% CI\u2009=\u2009\u22120.06, \u22120.011, p\u2009=\u20090.004) than control eyes. In MS eyes, males versus females had lower global RNFL (\u22129.4\u2009\u00b5m, 95% CI\u2009=\u2009\u221217.4, \u22121.33, p\u2009=\u20090.022) and in ON eyes had lower temporal quadrant RNFL (\u22129.6\u2009\u00b5m, 95% CI\u2009=\u2009\u221215.1, \u22124.15, p\u2009=\u20090.001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Subclinical retinal injury occurs in pediatric-onset MS patients without a history of ON. As in adult-onset MS, substantial GCL thinning is present in eyes with prior ON. Finally, greater retinal axonal injury occurs in boys compared to girls.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458516652497","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,16]],"date-time":"2016-06-16T01:49:14Z","timestamp":1466041754000},"page":"447-455","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Sex differences and subclinical retinal injury in pediatric-onset MS"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Jennifer S","family":"Graves","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of California\u2014San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hardeep","family":"Chohan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of California\u2014San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Cedars","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of California\u2014San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Arnow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of California\u2014San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Yiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of California\u2014San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuelle","family":"Waubant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of California\u2014San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ari","family":"Green","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of California\u2014San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA\/Department of Ophthalmology, University of California\u2014San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 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