{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T06:48:41Z","timestamp":1790318921984,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,1]],"date-time":"2018-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514764800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Mult Scler"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Two human endogenous retroviruses of the HERV-W family are proposed as multiple sclerosis (MS) co-factors: MS-associated retrovirus (MSRV) and ERVWE1, whose env proteins showed several potentially neuropathogenic features, in vitro and in animal models. Phase II clinical trials against HERV-Wenv are ongoing. HERV-W\/MSRV was repeatedly found in MS patients, in striking parallel with MS stages, active\/remission phases, and therapy outcome. The HERV-Wenv protein is highly expressed in active MS plaques. Early MSRV presence in spinal fluids predicted worst MS progression 10 years in advance. Effective anti-MS therapies strongly reduced MSRV\/Syncytin-1\/HERV-W expression. The Epstein\u2013Barr virus (EBV) activates HERV-W\/MSRV in vitro and in vivo, in patients with infectious mononucleosis and controls with high anti-EBNA1-IgG titers. Thus, the two main EBV\/MS links (infectious mononucleosis and high anti-EBNA1-IgG titers) are paralleled by activation of HERV-W\/MSRV. It is hypothesized that EBV may act as initial trigger of future MS, years later, by activating MSRV, which would act as direct neuropathogenic effector, before and during MS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458517737370","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,8]],"date-time":"2018-01-08T19:20:20Z","timestamp":1515439220000},"page":"42-47","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["The aliens inside us: HERV-W endogenous retroviruses and multiple sclerosis"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Antonina","family":"Dolei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, 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