{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T16:52:53Z","timestamp":1785257573155,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,14]],"date-time":"2022-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652486400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"German Ministry of Education and Research"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100017268","name":"Berlin Institute of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100017268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100021727","name":"Berlin University Alliance","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100021727","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Mult Scler"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Optimal management of anti-CD20-treated patients with multiple sclerosis (pwMS) is an important clinical task during the current severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To characterize humoral and cellular immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccinations\/infections in a longitudinal cohort of anti-CD20 treated ( n\u2009=\u2009175) and anti-CD20 therapy-na\u00efve ( n\u2009=\u200941) pwMS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgA, virus neutralizing capacity, IgG avidity and SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells were determined.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Following two SARS-CoV-2 vaccinations, not only SARS-CoV-2 spike protein IgG and IgA, but also neutralizing capacity and avidity of SARS-CoV-2 IgG were lower in anti-CD20-treated ( n\u2009=\u200951) than in anti-CD20 therapy-na\u00efve pwMS ( n\u2009=\u200914) and in healthy controls (HC, n\u2009=\u200919). However, in all anti-CD20-treated pwMS vaccinated twice ( n\u2009=\u200926) or infected with SARS-CoV-2 ( n\u2009=\u20092), in whom SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells were measured, SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells were detectable, at levels similar to those of twice-vaccinated anti-CD20 therapy-na\u00efve pwMS ( n\u2009=\u20097) and HC ( n\u2009=\u200919). SARS-CoV-2-S1 IgG levels ( r\u2009=\u20090.42, p\u2009=\u20090.002), antibody avidity ( r\u2009=\u20090.7, p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), and neutralizing capacity ( r\u2009=\u20090.44, p\u2009=\u20090.03) increased with time between anti-CD20 infusion and second vaccination. Based on detection of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, SARS-CoV-2 infections occurred in 4 out of 175 (2.3%) anti-CD20-treated pwMS, all of whom recovered fully.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings should inform treatment decisions and SARS-CoV-2 vaccination management in pwMS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/13524585221094478","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,18]],"date-time":"2022-05-18T18:54:47Z","timestamp":1652900087000},"page":"1041-1050","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Preserved T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 in anti-CD20 treated multiple sclerosis"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Tatjana","family":"Schwarz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology, Charit\u00e9\u2014Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany\/German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolin","family":"Otto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Charit\u00e9\u2014Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1120-9531","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Terry C","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology, Charit\u00e9\u2014Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany\/German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florence","family":"Pache","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Charit\u00e9\u2014Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Schindler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Charit\u00e9\u2014Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moritz","family":"Niederschweiberer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Charit\u00e9\u2014Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felix A","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Charit\u00e9\u2014Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Drosten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology, Charit\u00e9\u2014Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany\/German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3605-0136","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victor M","family":"Corman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology, Charit\u00e9 \u2014Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany\/German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Berlin, Germany\/Labor Berlin\u2014Charit\u00e9 Vivantes GmbH, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Klemens","family":"Ruprecht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Charit\u00e9\u2014Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, Berlin, 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