{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T23:34:37Z","timestamp":1777937677907,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,12]],"date-time":"2022-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670803200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Mult Scler"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We evaluated imaging features suggestive of neurodegeneration within the brainstem and upper cervical spinal cord (UCSC) in non-progressive multiple sclerosis (MS).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Standardized 3-Tesla three-dimensional brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies were prospectively acquired. Rates of change in volume, surface texture, curvature were quantified at the pons and medulla-UCSC. Whole and regional brain volumes and T2-weighted lesion volumes were also quantified. Independent regression models were constructed to evaluate differences between those of Black or African ancestry (B\/AA) and European ancestry (EA) with non-progressive MS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>209 people with MS (pwMS) having at least two MRI studies, 29% possessing 3\u20136 timepoints, resulted in 487 scans for analysis. Median follow-up time between MRI timepoints was 1.33 (25th\u201375th percentile: 0.51\u20131.98) years. Of 183 non-progressive pwMS, 88 and 95 self-reported being B\/AA and EA, respectively. Non-progressive pwMS demonstrated greater rates of decline in pontine volume ( p\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001) in B\/AA and in medulla-UCSC volume ( p\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001) for EA pwMS. Longitudinal surface texture and curvature changes suggesting reduced tissue integrity were observed at the ventral medulla-UCSC ( p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), dorsal pons ( p\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001) and dorsal medulla ( p\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001) but not the ventral pons ( p\u2009=\u20090.92) between groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Selectively vulnerable regions within the brainstem-UCSC may allow for more personalized approaches to disease surveillance and management.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/13524585221139575","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,12]],"date-time":"2022-12-12T09:00:57Z","timestamp":1670835657000},"page":"691-701","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Selective vulnerability of brainstem and cervical spinal cord regions in people with non-progressive multiple sclerosis of Black or African American and European ancestry"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6499-1523","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Darin T","family":"Okuda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Neuroinnovation Program, Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology Imaging Program, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Stanley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8378-460X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Morgan","family":"McCreary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Neuroinnovation Program, Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology Imaging Program, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Neuroinnovation Program, Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology Imaging Program, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marco C","family":"Pinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fang F","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3248-5044","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thibo","family":"Billiet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"icometrix, Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wim","family":"Van Hecke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"icometrix, Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Annemie","family":"Ribbens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"icometrix, Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2270-9868","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Burcu","family":"Zeydan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Orhun","family":"Kantarci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaohu","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tatum M","family":"Moog","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Neuroinnovation Program, Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology Imaging Program, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 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