{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T16:47:04Z","timestamp":1793724424847,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,2]],"date-time":"2025-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738454400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,2]],"date-time":"2025-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738454400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006937","name":"National Center for Medical Rehabilitation Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01HD082176"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HD082176"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006937","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Mult Scler"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"abstract":"\n Background:<\/jats:title>\n Existing metrics of patient-reported cognitive difficulties in multiple sclerosis (MS) are lengthy, lack psychometric rigor, and\/or fail to query prevalent expressive language deficits.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective:<\/jats:title>\n Develop a brief psychometrically robust metric of patient-reported cognitive deficits that includes language items; the Multiple Sclerosis Cognitive Scale (MSCS).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Method:<\/jats:title>\n Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was conducted on 20 Perceived Deficits Questionnaire (PDQ) items plus five newly developed language questions in a large MS sample and matched respondents without neurologic disease. Independent confirmatory principal components analysis (PCA) assessed EFA factor structure. Reliability of the new scale and subscales, and relationships with objective cognitive impairment and cognitive change, were assessed.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n \n EFA in patients (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n = 502) and controls (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n = 350), item analyses, and confirmatory PCA in an independent sample (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n = 361 patients; 150 controls) supported construction of an eight-item scale with four two-item subscales: Executive\/Speed, Working Memory, Expressive Language, and Episodic Memory. Internal consistency and test\u2013retest reliability were excellent for the total MSCS (\n \u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.93, ICC = 0.95) and good for each subscale (\n \u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n \u2019s:0.83\u20130.87; ICCs: 0.86\u20130.92). MSCS showed medium-size links to cross-sectional objective cognitive impairment (\n \u03b7<\/jats:italic>\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n = .06) and cognitive change over time (\n \u03b7<\/jats:italic>\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n = .07); the traditional PDQ did not (\n \u03b7<\/jats:italic>\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n s = 0.01 and 0.02).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n The brief MSCS is a psychometrically robust, reliable, and valid metric of patient-reported cognitive deficits in MS that holds promise for improving assessment of MS cognitive dysfunction.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/13524585241309805","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,3]],"date-time":"2025-02-03T02:28:07Z","timestamp":1738549687000},"page":"352-362","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Multiple Sclerosis Cognitive Scale (MSCS): A brief psychometrically robust metric of patient-reported cognitive difficulty"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6111-4907","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James F","family":"Sumowski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-7707-4791","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joshua","family":"Sandry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000004977"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","first-page":"99","article-title":"A survey of multiple sclerosis: I. Perceived cognitive problems and compensatory strategy use","volume":"4","author":"Sullivan M","year":"1990","unstructured":"Sullivan M, Edgley K, Dehoux E. A survey of multiple sclerosis: I. Perceived cognitive problems and compensatory strategy use. Can J Rehabil 1990; 4: 99\u2013105.","journal-title":"Can J Rehabil"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458519881760"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1191\/1352458503ms861oa"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2055217319885986"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/13524585221127414"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","unstructured":"Revelle W Revelle M. Package \u201cpsych.\u201d The Comprehensive R Archive Network 2015. https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=psych"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-018-2076-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458511431076"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","volume-title":"Symbol digit modalities test (SDMT) manual (revised)","author":"Smith A","year":"1982","unstructured":"Smith A. Symbol digit modalities test (SDMT) manual (revised). Los Angeles, CA: Western Psychological Services, 1982."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","volume-title":"Hopkins verbal learning test, Revised","author":"Brandt J","year":"2001","unstructured":"Brandt J, Benedict R. Hopkins verbal learning test, Revised. Lutz, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources, 2001."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/7854_2015_5001"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2010.02.006"}],"container-title":["Multiple Sclerosis Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/13524585241309805","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/13524585241309805","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/13524585241309805","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T04:17:13Z","timestamp":1777695433000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/13524585241309805"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,2]]},"references-count":13,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/13524585241309805"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/13524585241309805","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2024.04.29.24306587","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1352-4585","1477-0970"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1352-4585","type":"print"},{"value":"1477-0970","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,2]]}}}