{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T11:45:47Z","timestamp":1790423147239,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,15]],"date-time":"2025-03-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741996800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,15]],"date-time":"2025-03-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741996800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Mult Scler"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Smoking and vascular risk factors (VRFs) are reported to have adverse effects in multiple sclerosis but data are limited in aquaporin-4 antibody-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (AQP4-NMOSD) and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody disease (MOGAD). This study aimed to measure their impact on disability.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Smoking status was defined as never, past or current smokers and VRF comprised of \u2a7e1: hypertension, dyslipidemia, high body mass index or diabetes. Logistic regression models were fitted to predict their influence on recovery from\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">onset<\/jats:italic>\n                      attack and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">first optic neuritis (ON)<\/jats:italic>\n                      attack.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 442 patients were included. Current MOGAD smokers had a higher risk of disability from onset attack and first ON attack than never smokers (odds ratio (OR) 2.9, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.3\u20136.9; OR 3.3, 95% CI 1.4\u20137.8). VRF in MOGAD was not predictive of disability. Current AQP4-NMOSD smokers and VRFs had a higher risk of residual disability from onset attacks (OR 7.5, 95% CI 2.1\u201327.7; OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.0\u20133.4). VRF was associated with higher risk of visual disability (OR 2.6, 95% CI 1.08\u20136.46) while smoking status was not.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Current smoking status detrimentally influenced onset attack recovery in AQP4-NMOSD and MOGAD patients, including visual recovery in MOGAD. Non-smoking VRFs influenced clinical and visual outcomes in AQP4-NMOSD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/13524585251325069","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,15]],"date-time":"2025-03-15T05:31:47Z","timestamp":1742016707000},"page":"658-667","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Smoking status and vascular risk factors as predictors of disability in AQP4-NMOSD and MOGAD"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7380-7783","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fiona","family":"Chan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK"},{"name":"Translational Neuroimmunology Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1851-7182","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Berhanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK"},{"name":"Multiple Sclerosis Centre of Lisbon (CRI EM), ULS S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9, Lisbon Clinical Academic Centre, Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Neuroradiology Department, ULS S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9, Lisbon Clinical Academic Centre, Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Samadzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK"},{"name":"Institute of Regional Health Research, and Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Neurology N\u00e6stved-Slagelse-Ringsted Hospitals, Slagelse, Denmark"},{"name":"Charit\u00e9 \u2013 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Francis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nasrin","family":"Asgari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Regional Health Research, and Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Neurology N\u00e6stved-Slagelse-Ringsted Hospitals, Slagelse, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Friedemann","family":"Paul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Charit\u00e9 \u2013 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M Isabel","family":"Leite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Neurology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals Trust, Oxford, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5829-808X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruth","family":"Geraldes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, 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