{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T23:39:19Z","timestamp":1777937959881,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,18]],"date-time":"2025-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742256000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,18]],"date-time":"2025-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742256000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100019746","name":"Sunnybrook Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100019746","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Mult Scler"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Seizures are associated with reduced cognition in the general population and worse outcomes in people with multiple sclerosis (pwMS). Yet, it remains unclear whether seizures are linked to cognitive dysfunction in pwMS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate the connection between seizure history and poorer cognition in pwMS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A consecutive sample of 803 pwMS reported any prior seizures. Covariates included age, sex, Wechsler Test of Adult Reading scores, educational years, Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) scores, disease duration, disease subtype, high-efficacy disease-modifying therapy use, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale scores for anxiety and depression and Modified Fatigue Impact Scale scores. Linear regression analyses, controlling for covariates, were undertaken to predict Minimal Assessment of Cognitive Function in MS scores from seizure history.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Mean age was 44.01 years (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">SD<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 11.58), 76.84% were female, and median EDSS was 2.0 (interquartile range (IQR) = 1.5\u20133.5). Accounting for covariates, people with seizures (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 43, 5.35%) performed worse than those without (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 760) on Judgement of Line Orientation (\u03b2 = \u22120.09,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.01), California Verbal Learning Test-II learning (\u03b2 = \u22120.08,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.01) and memory (\u03b2 = \u22120.10,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.01), Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-Revised learning (\u03b2 = \u22120.08,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.01) and memory (\u03b2 = \u22120.07,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.05), Symbol Digit Modalities Test (\u03b2 = \u22120.06,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.04), Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (\u03b2 = \u22120.10,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.01) and Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System (\u03b2 = \u22120.07,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.02).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A seizure history independently predicts reduced cognition in pwMS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/13524585251326841","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,18]],"date-time":"2025-03-18T08:31:54Z","timestamp":1742286714000},"page":"668-676","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Seizure history and cognitive dysfunction in people with multiple sclerosis"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4340-3232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David E","family":"Freedman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5519-6088","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiwon","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, St. Michael\u2019s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cecilia","family":"Meza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0132-0909","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anthony","family":"Feinstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458516674367"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(20)30277-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104966"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2018.09.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WNN.0000000000000188"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.neuropsych.20220124"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-024-12409-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458519892552"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2020.4920"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2022.104421"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/ijpvm.IJPVM_75_20"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2023-332996"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458516651502"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2023.12.020"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhab491"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/13524585211046739"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.13821"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000009061"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2017.02.017"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2011-300414"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2013.09.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.22366"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(17)30470-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61602-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.33.11.1444"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1076\/clin.16.3.381.13859"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617706060723"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","volume-title":"Wechsler Test of Adult Reading: WTAR","author":"Wechsler D","year":"2001","unstructured":"Wechsler D. 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