{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T23:51:35Z","timestamp":1790207495165,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753833600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Mult Scler"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pediatric multiple sclerosis (MS) is associated with reduced brain volumes at first episode compared to healthy controls.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To assess brain volumes in children fulfilling the criteria of radiologically isolated syndrome (RIS) at onset and over time.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Clinical course, laboratory findings, MR-imaging in pediatric RIS were compared to controls from the NIH Pediatric MRI Data Repository and a cohort of patients with pediatric MS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      20 RIS and 37 MS patients were included in the study. Median age at RIS diagnosis was 13.1 years (IQR: 10.3, 14.8) and whole brain volume was reduced by 77 cm\n                      <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                      , compared to matched healthy controls (1673 cm\n                      <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                      (1637, 1728) vs 1750 cm\n                      <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                      (1699, 1802)). Nine RIS patients developed MS (RIS-to-MS) at a median age of 15.8 years (12.7,17.0). Longitudinal volumetry revealed lower brain volume in both non-converting and converting RIS patients compared to controls, similar to the trajectory in pediatric MS (RIS \u22124.7% (\u22126.5, \u22122.9), RIS-to-MS \u22125.1% (\u22126.9, \u22123.4), MS \u22126.6 % (\u22127.6, \u22125.5)). Oligoclonal bands, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pleocytosis, and reduced brain volume in RIS at diagnosis increased hazards of conversion to MS.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Reduced whole brain volume is already present in pediatric radiologically isolated syndrome (RIS). Longitudinal analysis of RIS patients revealed reduced brain volume over time, similar to MS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/13524585251359066","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T18:05:13Z","timestamp":1753898713000},"page":"1195-1204","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Reduced brain volumes in children with radiologically isolated syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-1588-6633","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georgia","family":"Koukou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatric Neurology, Children\u2019s Hospital Datteln, Witten"},{"name":"Herdecke University, Datteln, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3523-4520","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frederik","family":"Bartels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Charit\u00e9\u2014Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Berlin Institute of Health at Charit\u00e9\u2014Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Institute for Immunity Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annette","family":"Aigner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biometry and Clinical Epidemiology, Charit\u00e9\u2014Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charit\u00e9\u2014Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Cleaveland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatric Radiology, Children\u2019s Hospital Datteln, Witten"},{"name":"Herdecke University, Datteln, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anastasia","family":"Tuncer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Charit\u00e9\u2014Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva-Maria","family":"Wendel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatric Neurology, Olgahospital, Klinikum Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annikki","family":"Bertolini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatric Neurology, Children\u2019s Hospital Datteln, Witten"},{"name":"Herdecke University, Datteln, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evangeline","family":"Wassmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatric Neurology, Birmingham Children\u2019s Hospital, Birmingham, UK"},{"name":"Institute of Health and Neurodevelopment, Aston University, Birmingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1851-6967","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara","family":"Kornek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences &amp; 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