{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T17:14:53Z","timestamp":1784740493237,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758758400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Mult Scler"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Accurate cognitive measures are needed for multiple sclerosis (MS). We developed the Language and Memory Test (LMT), a brief digital measure of domains vulnerable to MS: rapid naming, visuospatial memory, fine motor dexterity. The LMT is designed to test a hypothesis of lexical access as a primary driver of cognitive decline in MS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this proof-of-concept study, adults with MS and controls were enrolled in three countries. Participants completed the LMT once or twice. A subset completed the Brief International Cognitive Assessment for Multiple Sclerosis (BICAMS), subjective cognitive measures, and a tolerability questionnaire. We conducted preliminary evaluation of internal consistency, test\u2013retest reliability, discriminative, construct, and convergent validity, and tolerability.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      265 adults with MS and 115 HCs participated. The MS group performed worse than HC on all LMT subtests controlling for motor function, age, sex, and education (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      -values: .03 -\u2009&lt;\u2009.001). Retest reliability and internal consistency were broadly acceptable. Tolerability was high. LMT subtests were associated with disability and disease duration. The lexical access hypothesis was supported by three levels of evidence.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The LMT is a digital cognitive tool for MS with good initial discriminative and construct validity permitting remote measurement of multiple domains in diverse populations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/13524585251366096","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T09:55:35Z","timestamp":1758794135000},"page":"1348-1357","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The language and memory test: A brief multidomain digital cognitive measure for multiple sclerosis"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8937-6079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victoria M","family":"Leavitt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cognitive Neuroscience Division, Department of Neurology, NewYork-Presbyterian; Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1349-4252","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leila","family":"Simani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cognitive Neuroscience Division, Department of Neurology, NewYork-Presbyterian; Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9972-5092","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcus","family":"Koch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary Medical Center, Calgary, AB, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7522-6440","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah A","family":"Morrow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary Medical Center, Calgary, AB, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren","family":"Heuer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cognitive Neuroscience Division, Department of Neurology, NewYork-Presbyterian; Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahrooz","family":"Roozbeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Cognitive Science Studies, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mehrdad","family":"Roozbeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Cognitive Science Studies, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran Brain Mapping Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sean","family":"Traynor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(20)30277-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rao SM Leo GJ Bernardin L et al. Cognitive dysfunction in multiple sclerosis. I. Frequency patterns and prediction. Neurology 1991; 41(5):685-691 http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/2027484 (accessed 19 July 2016).","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.41.5.685"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benedict RH Cookfair D Gavett R et al. Validity of the minimal assessment of cognitive function in multiple sclerosis (MACFIMS). J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2006; 12(4): 549\u2013558. http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/16981607","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617706060723"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boringa JB Lazeron RH Reuling IE et al. The brief repeatable battery of neuropsychological tests: Normative values allow application in multiple sclerosis clinical practice. Mult Scler 2001; 7(4): 263\u2013267 http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/11548987 (accessed 11 September 2016).","DOI":"10.1177\/135245850100700409"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1076\/clin.16.3.381.13859"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458511431076"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458519881760"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2005.10.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(09)70671-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.231459498"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","unstructured":"Indefrey P Levelt W. The neural correlates of language production Max Planck Institute. In: Gazzaniga M (ed.) The New Cognitive Neurosciences. 2nd ed. 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