{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T06:06:04Z","timestamp":1784700364920,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,22]],"date-time":"2026-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771718400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006586","name":"Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006586","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Mult Scler"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The revised McDonald criteria shifted toward the recognition of the radiologically isolated syndrome (RIS) as the first phase of the multiple sclerosis (MS) spectrum.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To characterize differences between RIS individuals, early MS patients, and healthy controls (HCs) using a high-precision clinical assessment tool based on digital technology.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We performed a multicentric, cross-sectional study involving RIS, early MS patients, and HC. Subjects were assessed using Neuraccure, an iPad application capable of detecting subtle abnormalities in four neurological functions: hand coordination, low-contrast vision, reaction time, and eye movements.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In total, 565 individuals were included (MS: 255, RIS: 146, HC: 164). HC performed better than RIS and MS across all digital measures (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.0001 to 0.03). There was no statistical difference between RIS and MS patients, except for the coordination test, which was slightly worse in MS patients (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.03). The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis indicated that the presence of at least two impaired functions could detect RIS and MS from HC with 83.2% sensitivity and 84.3% specificity. A higher number of impaired functions were associated with lower brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) volumes.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>High-precision neurological evaluation can distinguish HC from RIS and MS at an individual scale with a good performance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/13524585261418921","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T03:42:58Z","timestamp":1771818178000},"page":"903-914","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Comparison of individuals with radiologically isolated syndrome, early multiple sclerosis patients, and healthy controls using a digital neurological examination"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3985-1297","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mikael","family":"Cohen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CRC-SEP, Service de Neurologie, Neurologie Pasteur 2, CHU de Nice, Universit\u00e9 Cote d\u2019Azur, UMR2CA (URRIS), Nice, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lydiane","family":"Mondot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CRC-SEP, Service de Neurologie, Neurologie Pasteur 2, CHU de Nice, Universit\u00e9 Cote d\u2019Azur, UMR2CA (URRIS), Nice, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3834-2981","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xavier","family":"Ayrignac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology MS Clinic, Montpellier University Hospital, Montpellier, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7337-7122","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra","family":"Vukusic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Lyon, Universit\u00e9 Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, Lyon, France; Hospices Civils de Lyon, Service de Neurologie, scl\u00e9rose en plaques, pathologies de la my\u00e9line et neuro-inflammation, Lyon, France; Centre des Neurosciences de Lyon, INSERM 1028 et CNRS UMR 5292, Observatoire Fran\u00e7ais de la Scl\u00e9rose en Plaques, Lyon, France; EUGENE DEVIC EDMUS Foundation Against Multiple Sclerosis, Bron, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2459-2480","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bertrand","family":"Bourre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology, CHU Rouen, Rouen, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7699-0328","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisabeth","family":"Maillart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, APHP, Piti\u00e9-Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re Hospital, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4029-2012","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"H\u00e9l\u00e8ne","family":"Zephir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Lille, Inserm U 1172, CHU de Lille, Lille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8119-7794","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laure","family":"Michel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Department, CRC-SEP Rennes, Rennes University Hospital, INSERM, CIC 1414 [(Centre d\u2019Investigation Clinique de Rennes)], Rennes, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8671-7747","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric","family":"Thouvenot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology, N\u00eemes University Hospital, N\u00eemes, France; IGF, Montpellier University, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Parker","family":"Rice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CRC-SEP, Service de Neurologie, Neurologie Pasteur 2, CHU de Nice, Universit\u00e9 Cote d\u2019Azur, UMR2CA (URRIS), Nice, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aur\u00e9lie","family":"Hohweiller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CRC-SEP, Service de Neurologie, Neurologie Pasteur 2, CHU de Nice, Universit\u00e9 Cote d\u2019Azur, UMR2CA (URRIS), Nice, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6499-1523","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Darin T","family":"Okuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroinnovation Program, Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology Imaging Program, Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; 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