{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T14:28:13Z","timestamp":1784730493899,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772755200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003475","name":"Hasler Stiftung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["21042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21042"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003475","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F\u00f6rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["205320_219430"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["205320_219430"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013362","name":"Swiss Cancer Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KFS-5549-02-2022-R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KFS-5549-02-2022-R"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013362","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Mult Scler"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Robust automated classification of paramagnetic rim lesions (PRLs) and remyelinated lesions based on iron and myelin content in people with multiple sclerosis (pwMS).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In this prospective study (2018\u20132022), three-dimensional (3D) brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) from 180 pwMS (mean age: 47\u2009\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">\u00b1<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u200914\u2009years, 108 females) were acquired at 3T including fluid-attenuated inversion recovery, magnetization-prepared 2 rapid acquisition gradient echoes (MP2RAGE), and T2*-weighted segmented echo-planar imaging. Post-processed quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) and filtered phase unwrapped (PU) images were generated. Ground truth was established through expert manual rating. Performance was assessed using nested cross-validation (CV) including outer test sets. Three neural network configurations were evaluated: (1) PRL classification with QSM and MP2RAGE, (2) PRL classification with PU and MP2RAGE, and (3) multiple lesion phenotype (MLP) classification with QSM and MP2RAGE.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      For PRL classification, our network achieves a top mean validation F1 score of 0.737\u2009\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">\u00b1<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u20090.027 in the MP2RAGE-QSM configuration trained on PRLs, and a best test performance of 0.709\u2009\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">\u00b1<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u20090.040 when trained on MLP. The MP2RAGE-PU configuration yielded validation and test F1 scores of 0.733\u2009\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">\u00b1<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u20090.021 and 0.662\u2009\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">\u00b1<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u20090.037, respectively. The QSM-based MLP classification achieved a macro F1 test score of 0.728\u2009\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">\u00b1<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u20090.012.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Deep learning can automate the classification of PRLs and QSM lesion phenotypes with high accuracy, potentially facilitating the detection of PRLs (included in the new diagnostic criteria) and remyelinated lesions, guiding personalized treatment decisions in pwMS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/13524585261421491","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T18:06:15Z","timestamp":1773252375000},"page":"624-633","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A multi-modal deep learning network for the classification of paramagnetic rim and remyelinated lesions in multiple sclerosis"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9606-0400","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federico","family":"Spagnolo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Imaging in Neurology (ThINK) Basel, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (RC2NB), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; MedGIFT, Institute of Informatics, School of Management, HES-SO Valais-Wallis University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland, Sierre, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5305-3104","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro M","family":"Gordaliza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIBM, Center for Biomedical Imaging, Lausanne, Switzerland; Radiology Department, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8077-1298","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aarushi","family":"Bhardwaj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Imaging in Neurology (ThINK) Basel, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; School of Engineering, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6031-6865","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Po-Jui","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Imaging in Neurology (ThINK) Basel, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (RC2NB), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2239-7355","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"Ocampo-Pineda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Imaging in Neurology (ThINK) Basel, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (RC2NB), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2730-4285","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meritxell","family":"Bach Cuadra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIBM, Center for Biomedical Imaging, Lausanne, Switzerland; Radiology Department, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4910-1414","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthias","family":"Weigel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Imaging in Neurology (ThINK) Basel, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (RC2NB), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Division of Radiological Physics, Department of Radiology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0195-4602","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Esther","family":"Ruberte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Imaging in Neurology (ThINK) Basel, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (RC2NB), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3683-6489","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinjie","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Imaging in Neurology (ThINK) Basel, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (RC2NB), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Medicine, University Children\u2019s Hospital Basel (UKBB), Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9016-8709","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tommaso","family":"Sirito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Imaging in Neurology (ThINK) Basel, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (RC2NB), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Genova, Genova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7703-0553","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Cagol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Imaging in Neurology (ThINK) Basel, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (RC2NB), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Genova, Genova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0793-5821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincent","family":"Andrearczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MedGIFT, Institute of Informatics, School of Management, HES-SO Valais-Wallis University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland, Sierre, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrien","family":"Depeursinge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MedGIFT, Institute of Informatics, School of Management, HES-SO Valais-Wallis University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland, Sierre, Switzerland; Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Department, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Granziera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Imaging in Neurology (ThINK) Basel, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; 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