{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T10:46:39Z","timestamp":1791801999283,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773360000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Mult Scler"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Event-related potentials (ERPs) are valuable tools for the early detection and monitoring of cognitive impairment in people with Multiple Sclerosis (pwMS) and towards the evaluation of the effectiveness of treatment. The Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT), a screening tool for cognitive dysfunction, is often impaired in pwMS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To explore the ERPs and reaction time (RT) correlates of SDMT as indicators of cognitive impairment in pwMS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We developed an EEG-compatible (EEG-SDMT) paradigm. Ninety-two pwMS and twenty-eight healthy controls (HC) underwent ERPs and RT measurement during EEG-SDMT.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      SDMT-ERPs presented a centro-parietal (Pz electrode) positive peak (P5) with a significantly longer latency in pwMS (611.72\u2009\u00b1\u2009122.30 ms) versus HC (517.29\u2009\u00b1\u200975.53 ms) (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.01). RTs and raw scores in the standard SDMT were inversely correlated (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009= \u2212.722,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u2009.001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our EEG-SDMT paradigm identified neurophysiological correlates of SDMT performance, which was significantly affected in pwMS. Although the P5 showed longer latencies in pwMS, this component did not differentiate between cognitively impaired and preserved individuals, likely because it is still too early to capture higher-order cognitive deficits. In contrast, RTs emerged as a more reliable and sensitive indicator of cognitive performance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/13524585261423416","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T07:24:34Z","timestamp":1773386674000},"page":"1182-1192","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Event-related potentials and behavioural correlates of cognitive functions in MS: An EEG study during symbol digit modalities test"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8446-0466","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Tacchini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Neurophysiology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology-INSPE, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; San Raffaele Vita-Salute University, Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Gamberini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurorehabilitation, Casa di Cura Igea, Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2430-8902","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michelangelo","family":"Dini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Neurophysiology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology-INSPE, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; San Raffaele Vita-Salute University, Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Rossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AIMS lab, Center for Neurosciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Electronics and Informatics (ETRO), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Boschetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Neurophysiology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology-INSPE, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; San Raffaele Vita-Salute University, Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Letizia","family":"Turchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Neurophysiology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology-INSPE, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; San Raffaele Vita-Salute University, Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariaemma","family":"Rodegher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurorehabilitation, Casa di Cura Igea, Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Chiveri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurorehabilitation, Casa di Cura Igea, Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1200-5872","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeroen","family":"Van Schependom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AIMS lab, Center for Neurosciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Electronics and Informatics (ETRO), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guy","family":"Nagels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AIMS lab, Center for Neurosciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels, Belgium; St Edmund Hall, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giancarlo","family":"Comi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"San Raffaele Vita-Salute University, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurorehabilitation, Casa di Cura Igea, Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Letizia","family":"Leocani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Neurophysiology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology-INSPE, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; San Raffaele Vita-Salute University, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurorehabilitation, Casa di Cura Igea, Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(08)70259-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-018-3427-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/14737175.8.10.1585"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(05)70166-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","volume-title":"Symbol digit modalities test","author":"Smith A.","year":"1973","unstructured":"Smith A. 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