{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,22]],"date-time":"2026-08-22T11:25:34Z","timestamp":1787397934062,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779148800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003407","name":"Ministero dell\u2019Istruzione, dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 e della Ricerca","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PE0000006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PE0000006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003407","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007366","name":"Fondazione Italiana Sclerosi Multipla","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022\/R-Single\/071"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022\/R-Single\/071"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007366","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005032","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Bial","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["235\/22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["235\/22"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005032","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Mult Scler"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by autoimmune-mediated inflammation and neurodegeneration. Despite major advances in disease-modifying therapies, many people with MS continue to face significant challenges.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This topical review summarizes clinical studies over the past two decades examining transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) as a therapeutic approach for MS symptoms, including fatigue, motor dysfunction, spasticity, and cognitive impairment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Available evidence suggests potential symptomatic benefits, particularly for motor\/spasticity-related outcomes, and indicates that neuroplasticity remains at least partially preserved in MS, providing a plausible substrate for neuromodulation-based interventions. Moreover, TMS appears generally well-tolerated; however, findings are heterogeneous, and the evidence base includes few adequately powered sham-controlled trials across symptom domains.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Overall, current findings support further controlled trials to clarify efficacy, durability, and patient-level predictors, and to inform stepwise clinical translation of TMS-based interventions as a complementary strategy to leverage residual neuroplasticity and reduce symptom burden in individuals with MS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/13524585261442777","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T10:33:46Z","timestamp":1779186826000},"page":"773-786","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Transcranial magnetic stimulation in multiple sclerosis: Targeting symptoms through neuroplasticity"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Claudio","family":"Nazzi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Studies and Research in Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology \u201cRenzo Canestrari,\u201d Alma Mater Studiorum Universit\u00e0 di Bologna, Cesena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonia","family":"Turrini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Studies and Research in Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology \u201cRenzo Canestrari,\u201d Alma Mater Studiorum Universit\u00e0 di Bologna, Cesena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachele","family":"Pezzetta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS San Camillo Hospital, Venice, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Scarpazza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS San Camillo Hospital, Venice, Italy; Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessio","family":"Avenanti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Studies and Research in Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology \u201cRenzo Canestrari,\u201d Alma Mater Studiorum Universit\u00e0 di Bologna, Cesena, Italy; Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Neuropsicolog\u00eda y Neurociencias Cognitivas, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica del Maule, Talca, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4133-654X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simone","family":"Battaglia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Studies and Research in Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology \u201cRenzo Canestrari,\u201d Alma Mater Studiorum Universit\u00e0 di Bologna, Cesena, Italy; Department of Psychology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy; Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, eCampus University, Novedrate, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.30.051606.094313"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jim-2016-000339"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/13524585221118676"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2022.04.041"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2012.179"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2008.06.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2014.05.043"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.02.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458513512541"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2536-13.2013"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","article-title":"Preventive exercise and physical rehabilitation promote long-term potentiation-like plasticity expression in patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"31","author":"Stampanoni Bassi M","year":"2024","unstructured":"Stampanoni Bassi M, Gilio L, Buttari F, et al. 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