{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T22:09:05Z","timestamp":1792706945807,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783296000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783296000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000890","name":"National Multiple Sclerosis Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RG-1606-08768"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RG-1606-08768"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000890","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000890","name":"National Multiple Sclerosis Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RG-1904-33834"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RG-1904-33834"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000890","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000890","name":"National Multiple Sclerosis Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RG-1907-34405"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RG-1907-34405"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000890","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Boone Pickens Professorship in Ophthalmology"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K23NS117883"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23NS117883"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01NS082347"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01NS082347"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Mult Scler"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Epiretinal membranes (ERMs) consist of glial and fibrocellular tissue, potentially arising from pathologic microgliosis, macrogliosis, and\/or retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cell migration. The clinical relevance of ERMs in people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS) remains largely unstudied.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate ERM prevalence and their associations with retinal layer thicknesses and disability measures in PwMS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PwMS exhibiting ERMs (ERM+) were matched 1:1 with PwMS without ERMs (ERM\u2212) by optic neuritis (ON) history, multiple sclerosis (MS) subtype, age, sex, and race. Disability assessments included high-contrast\/low-contrast letter acuity (HC-\/LCLA), Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS), walking speed test (WST), manual dexterity test (MDT), and processing speed test (PST) scores.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Among 1264 participants screened (1120 PwMS and 144 healthy controls [HCs]), ERMs were observed in 206 PwMS (18.4%) and 17 HCs (11.8%). ERM+ PwMS exhibited higher EDSS (1.0\u2009\u00b1\u20090.3,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.002), longer WST (0.8\u2009\u00b1\u20090.2\u2009seconds,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), longer MDT (2.2\u2009\u00b1\u20090.5\u2009seconds,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), lower PST (\u22123.0\u2009\u00b1\u20091.4,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.08), lower LCLA (\u22124.2\u2009\u00b1\u20091.1 letters,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), and lower ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (\u22121.8\u2009\u00b1\u20090.8 \u00b5m,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.03), inner nuclear layer (\u22120.8\u2009\u00b1\u20090.3 \u00b5m,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.01), outer nuclear layer (\u22121.6\u2009\u00b1\u20090.6 \u00b5m,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.01), and RPE (\u22120.5\u2009\u00b1\u20090.1 \u00b5m,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) thicknesses. Higher ERM stage correlated with greater disability.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ERMs may identify a distinct MS phenotype, potentially characterized by pathological microglial and\/or macroglial activity. ERMs may be a marker of similar global processes throughout the central nervous system that potentially contribute to greater overall disability.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/13524585261446834","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T10:56:58Z","timestamp":1783335418000},"page":"1252-1265","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Association of epiretinal membranes with disability in people with multiple sclerosis"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9605-8095","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ting-Yi","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-9434-8531","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Bacchetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-6678-7021","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brenna","family":"McCormack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hussein","family":"Moussa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan D","family":"Krett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omar","family":"Ezzedin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriel","family":"Otero-Duran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Pellegrini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madeline","family":"Inserra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott D","family":"Newsome","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6617-2003","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bardia","family":"Nourbakhsh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3137-0322","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kathryn C","family":"Fitzgerald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; 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