{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T10:46:35Z","timestamp":1791801995868,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782777600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782777600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"UBC MS\/MRI Research Group","award":["Research Support"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Research Support"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000245","name":"Michael Smith Health Research BC","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Scholar Award"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Scholar Award"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000245","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004328","name":"Genentech","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Research Support"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Research Support"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004328","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Mult Scler"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) offers non-invasive assessments of neuron\u2013oligodendrocyte coupling and neuroinflammation to monitor treatment response in multiple sclerosis (MS).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To track changes in N-acetylaspartate and myo-inositol in relapsing MS (RMS) and primary progressive MS (PPMS) patients treated with ocrelizumab over 2\u2009years.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Single-voxel MRS at 3T was acquired at baseline in 10 healthy controls (HCs), and weeks 0, 12, 24, 52, and 96 in MS participants at a single center.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Baseline myo-inositol was higher in PPMS than RMS (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.047) and HC (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.001), and correlated with disability across both MS groups (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.57,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.0006). Following treatment with ocrelizumab, both RMS and PPMS demonstrated declines in myo-inositol over time, returning toward HC levels (RMS\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.016; PPMS\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.004). Conversely, N-acetylaspartate was not different between groups and remained stable over time.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ocrelizumab treatment is associated with declining myo-inositol levels measured by MRS in both RMS and PPMS. Myo-inositol offers a unique biomarker to track resolution of gliosis and reactive microglia with treatment. Furthermore, the relationship between a higher concentration of myo-inositol and greater disability across both MS subtypes at baseline supports the presence of \u201csmouldering inflammation\u201d as a disease process across the spectrum of MS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Trial:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Sub-study of the Ocrelizumab Biomarker Outcome Evaluation (OBOE; ML29966) trial:\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT02688985\">https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT02688985<\/jats:ext-link>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/13524585261456964","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T11:27:13Z","timestamp":1782818833000},"page":"1155-1167","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Longitudinal magnetic resonance spectroscopy study of metabolite changes over 2\u2009years in relapsing and primary progressive multiple sclerosis treated with ocrelizumab"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8515-5858","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erin L","family":"MacMillan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, UBC MRI Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bretta","family":"Russell-Schulz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, UBC MRI Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Glaynel","family":"Alejo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, UBC MRI Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Harp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genentech, Inc., A Member of the Roche Group, South San Francisco, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Briana","family":"Cameron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genentech, Inc., A Member of the Roche Group, South San Francisco, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan","family":"Winger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genentech, Inc., A Member of the Roche Group, South San Francisco, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sherman","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genentech, Inc., A Member of the Roche Group, South San Francisco, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ann","family":"Herman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genentech, Inc., A Member of the Roche Group, South San Francisco, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jasmyne","family":"Kassam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Waine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9286-0953","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irene M","family":"Vavasour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, UBC MRI Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helen","family":"Cross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roger","family":"Tam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony L","family":"Traboulsee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7085-1001","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Carruthers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1362-1968","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shannon H","family":"Kolind","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada;"},{"name":"Department of Physics &amp; Astronomy, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-023-00839-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/17562864211066751"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.01173"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458518770085"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2013-306132"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","article-title":"Magnetic resonance spectroscopy evidence for declining gliosis in MS patients treated with ocrelizumab versus interferon beta-1a","volume":"5","author":"MacMillan EL","year":"2019","unstructured":"MacMillan EL, Schubert JJ, Vavasour IM, et al Magnetic resonance spectroscopy evidence for declining gliosis in MS patients treated with ocrelizumab versus interferon beta-1a. 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