{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T10:46:38Z","timestamp":1791801998940,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785974400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785974400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009480","name":"Stichting Vrienden van het Sophia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009480","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Nationale postcode loterij"},{"name":"MS research Stichting","award":["project number 21-1136"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["project number 21-1136"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Mult Scler"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Studies on early cognitive impairment (CI) in pediatric multiple sclerosis (MS) are heterogeneous and data on pediatric myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) are scarce.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate early cognitive dysfunction in both diseases and delineate disease-specific neurocognitive profiles.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A cross-sectional study of children with MS and MOGAD assessed neurocognition within 2\u2009years after disease onset using a comprehensive test battery. Test results were converted to\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Z<\/jats:italic>\n                      -scores. CI was defined as\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Z<\/jats:italic>\n                      -scores below \u22121.5 in \u2a7e2 domains. Children were compared by CI status and domain deficits quantified with composite\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Z<\/jats:italic>\n                      -scores.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Sixty-seven participants were analyzed (MS\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200936, MOGAD\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200931). Despite normal full-scale intelligence quotient, 47% of MS children and 43% of MOGAD children (acute disseminated encephalomyelitis excluded) met criteria for CI. Domain-specific impairments were prominent in complex attention, with significantly reduced composite\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Z<\/jats:italic>\n                      -scores (MS: \u22121.24,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001; MOGAD: \u22121.12,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.019). MS children additionally showed lower scores on tasks of visuospatial processing and visual memory. Only fatigue was significantly associated with the presence of CI (PedsQL fatigue\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Z<\/jats:italic>\n                      -score: \u22122.61 vs \u22120.75,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.005).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In both pediatric MS and MOGAD, early CI is prevalent with difficulties in complex attention. Visuospatial cognition appears to be an additional vulnerable area for children with MS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/13524585261465586","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T06:30:58Z","timestamp":1786084258000},"page":"1168-1181","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Frequent early cognitive impairment in both pediatric MS and MOGAD"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2875-5304","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michiel Simon Jan","family":"Buijze","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandy","family":"Molenaar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosa","family":"Verkerk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Neuropsychology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maud Alida","family":"Quist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Willemijn Marije Carolien","family":"van der Vlugt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Neuropsychology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6136-4981","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rinze Frederik","family":"Neuteboom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002883"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/neurosci3040048"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11040442"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/1463570"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2024-333994"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000200325"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.70310"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09297049.2025.2489697"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-018-8835-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(17)30470-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(22)00431-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-010-9836-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0020593"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2014.181"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","volume-title":"Neuropsychological assessment","author":"Lezak MD","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lezak MD, Howieson DB, Bigler ED, et al. 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