{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,6]],"date-time":"2026-09-06T04:11:32Z","timestamp":1788667892339,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788393600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006545","name":"National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K23MD014176"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23MD014176"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006545","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Mult Scler"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Modifiable factors that contribute to racial disparities in healthcare have been highlighted in multiple clinical settings; however, the role of these factors in individuals with multiple sclerosis has not been well examined.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this study, we quantify disparities in multiple sclerosis care among non-Hispanic Black and non-Hispanic White patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Longitudinal data across four encounters obtained via retrospective chart review were analyzed for non-Hispanic Black and non-Hispanic White patients across two multiple sclerosis centers. Variables included demographics, multiple sclerosis characteristics, and clinical care factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In total, 150 non-Hispanic Black and 150 non-Hispanic White patients were included (mean age = 49.3 vs 53.6). Non-Hispanic Black patients had longer time gaps between encounters with their multiple sclerosis clinician versus non-Hispanic White (mean months = 10.3 vs 8.8; adjusted mean difference = 1.53\u2009months (95% confidence interval = 0.59, 2.47;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.001)). Non-Hispanic Black patients less frequently received comprehensive\/longer encounters, evaluations for a recent relapse, or had magnetic resonance imaging findings discussed during encounters relative to non-Hispanic White, although these findings were not statistically significant.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Gaps in multiple sclerosis care metrics, including lower levels of care and greater time between encounters, were observed for non-Hispanic Black compared to non-Hispanic White patients with multiple sclerosis, all of which may contribute to disparities in multiple sclerosis. Further research is needed to assess contributing clinician, patient, and systemic factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/13524585261478826","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T06:43:00Z","timestamp":1788504180000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Racial disparities in multiple sclerosis quality of care metrics"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2841-2800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kimystian L.","family":"Harrison","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, MO, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9460-6772","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victoria A.","family":"Levasseur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Minneapolis Clinic of Neurology, Golden Valley, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4955-9230","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander P.","family":"Conway","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, MO, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-2098-8919","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kavya","family":"Bhattiprolu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA"},{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0520-4283","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert T.","family":"Naismith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, MO, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3137-0322","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kathryn C.","family":"Fitzgerald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meghan","family":"Beier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yujie","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1886-7847","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chakra","family":"Budhathoki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing, Baltimore, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4863-104X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miranda R.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary C.","family":"Beach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abbey J.","family":"Hughes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6707-6390","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisa A.","family":"Cooper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing, Baltimore, MD, USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA"},{"name":"Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg 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