{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T18:47:47Z","timestamp":1791830867426,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791417600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000061","name":"Fogarty International Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["7RF1TW013269"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7RF1TW013269"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000061","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Mult Scler"],"abstract":"<jats:p>There is an increasing number of people experiencing housing insecurity and forcible displacement globally. We perform a scoping review, searching PubMed (1 January 1990\u201330 June 2026) for the key terms \u201chousing insecurity,\u201d \u201cinadequate housing,\u201d \u201chouselessness,\u201d \u201chomelessness,\u201d \u201chousing,\u201d \u201cforcible displacement,\u201d \u201crefugee,\u201d \u201casylum seeker,\u201d and \u201cinternal displacement,\u201d focusing on the outcomes of persons with multiple sclerosis. We estimate the approximate number of persons with multiple sclerosis in these situations. The number of reports from persons with multiple sclerosis who experience housing insecurity, homelessness, or forcible displacement remains very limited compared to the high number of estimated persons with multiple sclerosis living in these circumstances. Among US veterans, homelessness was not significantly more common among those with multiple sclerosis than matched veterans without multiple sclerosis. Refugees with multiple sclerosis experience inaffordability of care. A larger, but distinct, literature examining exposure to armed conflict (war) finds increased relapse and magnetic resonance imaging disease activity in subsets of persons with multiple sclerosis during conflict as well as disruptions in access to multiple sclerosis care and treatment. Global geographic representation of these reports is limited. We recommend health systems\u2013based and clinical approaches for persons with multiple sclerosis in times of vulnerability. More data are needed to understand the defined risks to persons with multiple sclerosis as well as inform and monitor a durable humanitarian approach to their care.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/13524585261492505","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T11:33:21Z","timestamp":1791459201000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Multiple sclerosis and housing insecurity or forcible displacement: A scoping review"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1772-1723","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nathanael J.","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurological Infections, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreea M.","family":"Beu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Multiple Sclerosis &amp; Neuroimmunology, Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA"},{"name":"Center for Global Neurology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1542-7819","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lilyana","family":"Amezcua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology Center, Keck Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4293-8115","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Farrah J.","family":"Mateen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Multiple Sclerosis &amp; Neuroimmunology, Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA"},{"name":"Center for Global Neurology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Walton C King R Rechtman L et al. 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