{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T02:04:01Z","timestamp":1791079441822,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,15]],"date-time":"2025-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736899200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"NIHR Policy Research Programme","award":["PR-PRU-1217-20602"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PR-PRU-1217-20602"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Health Serv Res Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Urinary tract infections (UTIs) can negatively impact quality of life, especially when recurring. Patients often seek medical advice to relieve painful symptoms. UTIs are also the second most common reason antibiotics are prescribed in English primary care. However, overuse and long-term use of antibiotics for suspected UTIs in women can lead to antibiotic-resistant bacteria, making future treatments less effective. The UK\u2019s 2019-24 Antimicrobial Resistance National Action Plan aims to raise public awareness about the risks of overusing antibiotics and encourages self-care for minor infections, like uncomplicated UTIs. We explored how feasible and appropriate this approach is.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The transcripts from four online focus groups and 19 one-to-one online interviews involving 25 racialised minority and\/or low-income women were analysed thematically. Meetings with lay members of the public with similar socio-demographics and experiences to those we planned on recruiting for the research helped to orientate the study, refine its materials and enhance its recruitment strategies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>All participants spoke about UTI-related anxieties, which they experienced differently depending on the frequency and the course of UTI episodes, and how knowledgeable they were about the symptoms. Participants often practised self-care for UTIs before seeking professional advice. They saw consultations with health care professionals as valuable for managing the symptoms of UTIs and navigating self-care options. Those with recurrent UTIs felt they could recognise when they required antibiotics and, therefore, they felt they could take responsibility for minimising overprescribing. Barriers to self-care included high pressure working days and not being able to take time off work to recover.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Participants in our study were often able to self-diagnose and assess the severity of their symptoms, which makes them partners in efforts to improve antibiotic stewardship. They still valued consulting professionals for advice and support about their UTIs, irrespective of whether they received a prescription.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/13558196251313736","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,15]],"date-time":"2025-01-15T14:50:43Z","timestamp":1736952643000},"page":"189-197","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The appropriateness of self-care policy for urinary tract infections among women from racialised minorities and low-income households in the United Kingdom: A qualitative study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0653-5095","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agata","family":"Pacho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistant Professor, Department of Health Services Research &amp; Policy, London School of Hygiene &amp; Tropical Medicine, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Mays","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor of Health Policy and Deputy Director (Health Care), Policy Innovation and Evaluation Research Unit (PIRU), Department of Health Services Research &amp; Policy, London School of Hygiene &amp; Tropical Medicine, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca E","family":"Glover","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistant Professor, Department of Health Services Research &amp; Policy, London School of Hygiene &amp; Tropical Medicine, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/318850"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_2","first-page":"151","article-title":"Sociodemographic factors and uncomplicated cystitis in women aged 15-50 years: a nationwide Swedish cohort registry study (1997\u20132018)","volume":"21","author":"Jans\u00e5ker F","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jans\u00e5ker F, Li X, Sundquist K. Sociodemographic factors and uncomplicated cystitis in women aged 15-50 years: a nationwide Swedish cohort registry study (1997\u20132018). BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21: 151.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10030250"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.12422"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_6_2","volume-title":"StatPearls [Internet]","author":"Bono MJ","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bono MJ, Leslie SW, Reygaert WC. Urinary tract infection. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls Publishing; 2023 [updated 2023 Nov 13]. Available from: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK470195\/ (2023, accessed on 20\/08\/2022)"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jacamr\/dlaa010"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkx504"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3399\/bjgp20X708173"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.j5193"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_11_2","unstructured":"Department of Health and Social Care. Tackling antimicrobial resistance 2019\u20132024: the UK\u2019s five-year national action plan [Internet]. Available from: https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/uk-5-year-action-plan-for-antimicrobial-resistance-2019-to-2024 (2019; date accessed 15 \/01\/2022)"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_12_2","unstructured":"NHS. Urinary tract infections (UTIs). [Internet]. NHS; 2022 Mar 22. Available from: https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/conditions\/urinary-tract-infections-utis\/ (2022 accessed on 07 10 2024).; date accessed"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_13_2","volume-title":"UTI (lower): antimicrobial prescribing","author":"NICE","year":"2022","unstructured":"NICE. UTI (lower): antimicrobial prescribing. NICE, 2022."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_14_2","unstructured":"PHE. Urinary tract infection (UTI) information leaflet."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_15_2","volume-title":"Management of suspected bacterial lower urinary tract infection in adult women","author":"Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network","year":"2020","unstructured":"Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. Management of suspected bacterial lower urinary tract infection in adult women. SIGN, 2020."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-022-01757-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0277728"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3310\/YWTU6690"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-081535"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_20_2","unstructured":"NHS England. NHS long term workforce plan [Internet]. Available from: https:\/\/www.england.nhs.uk\/publication\/nhs-long-term-workforce-plan\/ (2023 accessed on 20 \/08\/2022)"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_21_2","volume-title":"Global analysis of health care waste in the context of COVID-19: status, impacts and recommendations","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2022","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Global analysis of health care waste in the context of COVID-19: status, impacts and recommendations. Geneva: World Health Organization. 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