{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T12:50:20Z","timestamp":1791895820284,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779148800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779148800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["218629\/Z\/19\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["218629\/Z\/19\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MC_UU_00006\/7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MC_UU_00006\/7"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012349","name":"School for Public Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIHR 204000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIHR 204000"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012349","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Evaluation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>There have been many calls for systems-informed approaches to evaluation. Population health interventions, which often focus on improving the upstream determinants of health through large-scale change, seem well-suited to systems-informed approaches to evaluation. The purported benefits and appropriateness of taking a systems-based approach to population health intervention evaluation have been extensively discussed, and there is a growing, but still limited, number of applied case studies that operationalised these calls. Here, we reflect on insights gained from recent experiences across three evaluation case studies: a late-night levy to support local policing (UK), the tiered soft drinks industry levy (UK) and a value-based tax on sugar-sweetened beverages (Barbados). Building on theoretical work in this area, we illustrate through applied examples how a systems-informed approach can help to cast a wider net for potential impacts, be integrated with an effectiveness perspective to produce deeper insights and support greater engagement with non-linearity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/13563890261444326","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T08:46:37Z","timestamp":1779180397000},"page":"640-646","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Systems-informed approaches to evaluating population health interventions: Reflections from three case studies"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2864-9410","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miriam","family":"Alvarado","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IMS Epidemiology, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, UK"},{"name":"The George Alleyne Chronic Disease Research Centre, University of the West Indies, Bridgetown, Barbados"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3841-8467","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth","family":"McGill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Environments and Society, Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene &amp; Tropical Medicine, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9444-0706","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natasha","family":"Sobers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The George Alleyne Chronic Disease Research Centre, University of the West Indies, Bridgetown, Barbados"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-7901-7907","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephanie","family":"Whiteman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pre-Clinical and Health Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies, Bridgetown, Barbados"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5733-7830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean","family":"Adams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IMS Epidemiology, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9346-5450","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Madhuvanti M.","family":"Murphy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The George Alleyne Chronic Disease Research Centre, University of the West Indies, Bridgetown, Barbados"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-019-0776-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1356389020976491"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2024-083337"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2024-080505"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ev.20466"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03405503"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.328.7455.1561"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10464-009-9229-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hovmand PS (2014) Introduction to community-based system dynamics. In: Community Based System Dynamics. Springer pp.1\u201316. Available at: http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-1-4614-8763-0_1 (accessed 28 November 2022).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-8763-0_1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2021.113697"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-050913"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_1","volume-title":"Thinking in Systems: A Primer","author":"Meadows DH","year":"2009","unstructured":"Meadows DH, Wright D (2009) Thinking in Systems: A Primer. Earthscan."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1356389018803219"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ogilvie D Adams J Bauman A et al. (2019) Using natural experimental studies to guide public health action: Turning the evidence-based medicine paradigm on its head. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. Epub ahead of print 19 November. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jech-2019-213085","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2019-213085"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rutter H Savona N Glonti K et al. (2017) The need for a complex systems model of evidence for public health. The Lancet. Epub ahead of print 13 June. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31267-9","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31267-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_1","article-title":"A new framework for developing and evaluating complex interventions: Update of medical research council guidance","volume":"374","author":"Skivington K","year":"2021","unstructured":"Skivington K, Matthews L, Simpson SA, et al. (2021) A new framework for developing and evaluating complex interventions: Update of medical research council guidance. 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