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Tele-orthopaedics is widely acknowledged for decreasing travel, time and cost, increasing accessibility and quality of care. In the absence of a comprehensive review on tele-orthopaedics applications and services, here, we systematically identify and classify the tele-orthopaedic applications and services, and provide an overview of the trends in the field.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this study, a systematic mapping was conducted to answer six research questions, we searched the databases Scopus, PubMed, IEEE Digital Library and Web of Science up to 2019. Consequently, 77 papers were screened and selected on the basis of specific inclusion and exclusion criteria.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We found that mobile-based teleconsultation was mostly asynchronous, while non-mobile teleconsultation was synchronous. The results showed that the physician\u2013patient relationship was more common than other interactions, such as physician\u2013physician and physician\u2013robot interactions. In addition, more than half of the services provided by tele-orthopaedics have been used for orthopaedic diseases\/traumas in which joint replacement and fracture reduction have been the most important orthopaedic procedures. It has been noted that more attention has been paid to tele-orthopaedics in developed countries such as the USA, Australia, Canada and Finland.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Telemonitoring (teleconsultation and telemetry) and telesurgery (telerobotics and telementoring) were found to be the two major forms of tele-orthopaedics. Mobile phones were used asynchronously in most of the teleconsultations. The development of different applications may result in the use of multiple smartphones applications in real-time teleconsultation. The use of smartphones is expected to increase in the near future.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/1357633x20919308","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,12]],"date-time":"2020-05-12T01:20:52Z","timestamp":1589246452000},"page":"3-23","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Tele-orthopaedics: A systematic mapping study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5693-2283","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Behmanesh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Committee, School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7452-0864","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Farahnaz","family":"Sadoughi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Management and Economics Research Centre, School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farid Najd","family":"Mazhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bone and Joint Reconstruction Research Centre, Shafa Orthopaedic Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Taghi","family":"Joghataei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cellular and Molecular Research Centre, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shahram","family":"Yazdani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Management and Medical Education Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1357633X20919308","first-page":"646","volume":"81","author":"Woolf AD","year":"2003","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"bibr2-1357633X20919308","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 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