{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T00:32:18Z","timestamp":1791765138235,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":177,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,22]],"date-time":"2011-03-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1300752000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vasc Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Acrocyanosis is symmetric, painless, discoloration of different shades of blue in the distal parts of the body that is marked by symmetry, relative persistence of the skin color changes with aggravation by cold exposure, and frequent association with local hyperhidrosis of hands and feet. Described over a century ago and despite seeming familiarity, it remains a poorly understood condition that shares much in clinical presentation with other conditions characterized by skin color changes in the distal parts of the body. The diagnosis remains mostly clinical, and pathological mechanisms vary suggesting that acrocyanosis may not be a single entity. We performed an extensive literature review to summarize existing knowledge about the demographics, pathology, diagnosis, and treatment of this condition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1358863x11398519","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,22]],"date-time":"2011-03-22T21:10:38Z","timestamp":1300828238000},"page":"288-301","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":73,"title":["Acrocyanosis: The Flying Dutchman"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Andrew K","family":"Kurklinsky","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Gonda Vascular Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Virginia M","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Surgery, Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thom W","family":"Rooke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gonda Vascular Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_3_2_2","first-page":"101","article-title":"Clinical aspects of acrocyanosis","volume":"10","author":"Davis E","year":"1982","unstructured":"Davis E. Clinical aspects of acrocyanosis. Adv Microcirc 1982; 10: 101\u2013119.","journal-title":"Adv Microcirc"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_3_2","first-page":"214","article-title":"Oscillometry of radial artery in acrocyanosis and cold sensitivity","volume":"17","author":"Davis E","year":"1992","unstructured":"Davis E. Oscillometry of radial artery in acrocyanosis and cold sensitivity. J Mal Vasc 1992; 17: 214\u2013217.","journal-title":"J Mal Vasc"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/RHU.0b013e31819db6db"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1470.1999.00022.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.1094"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_7_2","first-page":"298","article-title":"De l\u2019 \u201cacrocyanose\u201d","volume":"16","author":"Crocq M","year":"1896","unstructured":"Crocq M. De l\u2019 \u201cacrocyanose\u201d. Semaine Med 1896; 16: 298.","journal-title":"Semaine Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_8_2","first-page":"408","article-title":"The relationship between erythema pernio and acrocyanosis","volume":"129","author":"Hallam R","year":"1930","unstructured":"Hallam R. The relationship between erythema pernio and acrocyanosis. Med Press Circ 1930; 129: 408\u2013412.","journal-title":"Med Press Circ"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/CH-1982-25-629"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_10_2","first-page":"123","article-title":"Nailfold capillaroscopy and laser Doppler flowmetry during standardised cold challenge to evaluate capillary pattern and digital flow in idiopathic acrocyanosis","volume":"44","author":"Cannas F","year":"2002","unstructured":"Cannas F, Binaghi F. Nailfold capillaroscopy and laser Doppler flowmetry during standardised cold challenge to evaluate capillary pattern and digital flow in idiopathic acrocyanosis. Panminerva Med 2002; 44: 123\u2013127.","journal-title":"Panminerva Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_11_2","first-page":"1221","volume-title":"Advances in vascular pathology 1989: proceedings of the 15th World Congress of the International Union of Angiology","author":"Allegra C","year":"1989","unstructured":"Allegra C, Carlizza A, Pollari G, Inglese A. Acrocyanotic disease: experimental findings. In: Strano A, Novo A (eds.) Advances in vascular pathology 1989: proceedings of the 15th World Congress of the International Union of Angiology, Rome, 17\u201322 September 1989. International congress series no. 868, v. 2. Amsterdam; New York: Excerpta Medica, 1989, p.1221\u20131224."},{"key":"e_1_2_3_12_2","volume-title":"International Classification of Diseases (ICD)","author":"WHO","year":"2007","unstructured":"WHO. International Classification of Diseases (ICD). Geneva: WHO, 2007."},{"key":"e_1_2_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1191\/1358863x05vm639ra"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-7216-0284-4.50055-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800771134"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/014107688107400915"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9993(94)90196-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMicm990808"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/147323000503300413"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2005.05.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1010-7940(98)00293-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1615662"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2005.039149"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/RHU.0b013e3181bf93bb"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_25_2","first-page":"991","article-title":"Febrile young woman with delirium and mammary ulcers","volume":"37","author":"Schneiderman H","year":"1997","unstructured":"Schneiderman H. Febrile young woman with delirium and mammary ulcers. Consultant 1997; 37: 991\u2013998.","journal-title":"Consultant"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/014107689008300807"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_27_2","first-page":"721","article-title":"A nutritional survey of starvation in a group of young men","volume":"31","author":"Davidson CS","year":"1946","unstructured":"Davidson CS, Wilcke HL, Reiner PJ. A nutritional survey of starvation in a group of young men. J Lab Clin Med 1946; 31: 721\u2013734.","journal-title":"J Lab Clin Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_28_2","first-page":"1470","article-title":"A nutrition survey of Viennese civilians under United States occupation, 1945","volume":"32","author":"Davidson CS","year":"1947","unstructured":"Davidson CS, Wilcke HL, Fein HD, Reiner PJ. A nutrition survey of Viennese civilians under United States occupation, 1945. J Lab Clin Med 1947; 32: 1470\u20131481.","journal-title":"J Lab Clin Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8652(199609)53:1<53::AID-AJH16>3.0.CO;2-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000018235"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_31_2","first-page":"291","article-title":"Severe reversible left ventricular dysfunction associated with multiple cardiac myxomata","volume":"60","author":"Kuzniar TJ","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kuzniar TJ, Hinchcliff M, Zunamon A, Balagani R, Enzler M, Mandzij R. Severe reversible left ventricular dysfunction associated with multiple cardiac myxomata. Wiad Lek 2007; 60: 291\u2013293.","journal-title":"Wiad Lek"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_32_2","first-page":"109","article-title":"Primary cardiac lymphoma","volume":"90","author":"Vanheste R","year":"2007","unstructured":"Vanheste R, Vanhoenacker P, D\u2019Haenens P. Primary cardiac lymphoma. J Belge Radiol 2007; 90: 109\u2013111.","journal-title":"J Belge Radiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.20479"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.1991.tb00330.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01695974"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0753-3322(96)89672-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-002-0593-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_38_2","first-page":"312","article-title":"Livedo racemosa as a cutaneous manifestation of polycythemia vera","volume":"16","author":"Shimizu A","year":"2006","unstructured":"Shimizu A, Tamura A, Ishikawa O. Livedo racemosa as a cutaneous manifestation of polycythemia vera. Eur J Dermatol 2006; 16: 312\u2013313.","journal-title":"Eur J Dermatol"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000051682"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2005.05.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2004.01939.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.63.2.204"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_43_2","first-page":"155","article-title":"Acrocyanosis as a side effect of tricyclic antidepressants: a case report","volume":"45","author":"Karakaya I","year":"2003","unstructured":"Karakaya I, Aydo\u011fan M, Co\u015fkun A, G\u00f6kalp AS. Acrocyanosis as a side effect of tricyclic antidepressants: a case report. Turk J Pediatr 2003; 45: 155\u2013157.","journal-title":"Turk J Pediatr"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000017917"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2001.03840.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.46.6328"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_47_2","first-page":"691","article-title":"Terlipressin facilitates transport of septic patients treated with norepinephrine","volume":"8","author":"Klein M","year":"2006","unstructured":"Klein M, Weksler N, Borer A, Koyfman L, Kesslin J, Gurman GM. Terlipressin facilitates transport of septic patients treated with norepinephrine. Isr Med Assoc J 2006; 8: 691\u2013693.","journal-title":"Isr Med Assoc J"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9610(81)90432-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.TP.0000151630.25127.3A"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_50_2","first-page":"53","article-title":"Hypertension in the elderly. A controlled clinical trial of dihydroergotoxine mesylate and clonidine","volume":"10","author":"Nami R","year":"1984","unstructured":"Nami R, Groppa A, Gennari C. Hypertension in the elderly. A controlled clinical trial of dihydroergotoxine mesylate and clonidine. Acta Therapeutica 1984; 10: 53\u201367.","journal-title":"Acta Therapeutica"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0507.2007.01360.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_52_2","first-page":"134","article-title":"Methemoglobinemia and transesophageal echo","volume":"50","author":"Jiminez MA","year":"2007","unstructured":"Jiminez MA, Polena S, Coplan NL, Patel K, Gintautas J. Methemoglobinemia and transesophageal echo. Proc West Pharmacol Soc 2007; 50: 134\u2013135.","journal-title":"Proc West Pharmacol Soc"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1970.03180110063018"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_54_2","first-page":"271","article-title":"Gangrene of the fingertips after bleomycin and methotrexate","volume":"66","author":"Correia O","year":"2000","unstructured":"Correia O, Ribas F, Azevedo R, Rodrigues H, Delgado L. Gangrene of the fingertips after bleomycin and methotrexate. Cutis 2000; 66: 271\u2013272.","journal-title":"Cutis"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.99.1.93"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V88.4.1188.bloodjournal8841188"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.135.1.90"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.7719103"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_59_2","first-page":"107","article-title":"Clinical experience in poisonings following exposure to blasticidin S, a curiously strong fungicide","volume":"38","author":"Yang CC","year":"1996","unstructured":"Yang CC, Deng JF. Clinical experience in poisonings following exposure to blasticidin S, a curiously strong fungicide. Vet Hum Toxicol 1996; 38: 107\u2013112.","journal-title":"Vet Hum Toxicol"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(94)70257-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-002-0880-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.61.4.570"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(06)80197-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-8994(97)00048-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.103.2.428"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.32518"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2340\/0001555575331"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1997.tb02149.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2230.2006.02164.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.31223"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_71_2","first-page":"663","article-title":"Sneddon\u2019s syndrome with anticardiolipin antibodies\u2014complications and treatment","volume":"83","author":"Lotz BP","year":"1993","unstructured":"Lotz BP, Schutte CM, Colin PF, Biermann LD. Sneddon\u2019s syndrome with anticardiolipin antibodies\u2014complications and treatment. S Afr Med J 1993; 83: 663\u2013664.","journal-title":"S Afr Med J"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jscd.2000.5870"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2004.tb02691.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/ldn049"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1964.00460170029004"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_76_2","first-page":"167","article-title":"Ehlers Danlos syndrome","volume":"5","author":"Kobayasi T","year":"1995","unstructured":"Kobayasi T, Ullman S. Ehlers Danlos syndrome. Eur J Dermatol 1995; 5: 167\u2013168.","journal-title":"Eur J Dermatol"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_77_2","first-page":"285","article-title":"Twisted collagen fibrils in acrocyanosis","volume":"9","author":"Kobayasi T","year":"1999","unstructured":"Kobayasi T, Ullman S. Twisted collagen fibrils in acrocyanosis. Eur J Dermatol 1999; 9: 285\u2013288.","journal-title":"Eur J Dermatol"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(01)00405-0"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_3_79_2","first-page":"87","article-title":"Association of acrocyanosis with Asperger\u2019s syndrome","volume":"34","author":"Carpenter PK","year":"1990","unstructured":"Carpenter PK, Morris D. Association of acrocyanosis with Asperger\u2019s syndrome. J Ment Defic Res 1990; 34(Pt 1): 87\u201390.","journal-title":"J Ment Defic Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2004.06.084"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/70.1.45"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_82_2","first-page":"356","article-title":"Conjunctival and nailbed biomicroscopy in atrophic ozenatous rhinopathy","volume":"32","author":"Rosen Z","year":"1970","unstructured":"Rosen Z, Davis E. Conjunctival and nailbed biomicroscopy in atrophic ozenatous rhinopathy. Pract Otorhinolaryngol (Basel) 1970; 32: 356\u2013363.","journal-title":"Pract Otorhinolaryngol (Basel)"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2008.08.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8183.2007.00283.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/mvre.1999.2182"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1984.01650450109032"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12098-009-0045-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.1980.02130140033011"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.35.712"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_90_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.142.8.1084"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_91_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2007.01362.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_92_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1937.tb11164.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_93_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4684-8935-4_14"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_94_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.7719109"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_95_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejhg.5201185"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_96_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000331976601700501"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_97_2","first-page":"437","article-title":"Vascular response to cold in acrocyanosis","volume":"33","author":"Lottenbach K","year":"1967","unstructured":"Lottenbach K. Vascular response to cold in acrocyanosis. Helv Med Acta 1967; 33: 437\u2013444.","journal-title":"Helv Med Acta"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_98_2","first-page":"463","article-title":"Vasospastic diseases. Diagnosis and management","volume":"3","author":"Feller SR","year":"1986","unstructured":"Feller SR, Dockery GL. Vasospastic diseases. Diagnosis and management. Clin Podiatr Med Surg 1986; 3: 463\u2013471.","journal-title":"Clin Podiatr Med Surg"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_99_2","first-page":"95","article-title":"Paradoxes of acrocyanosis","volume":"10","author":"Merlen JF","year":"1982","unstructured":"Merlen JF. Paradoxes of acrocyanosis. Adv Microcirc 1982; 10: 95\u2013100.","journal-title":"Adv Microcirc"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_100_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.67.783.33"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_101_2","first-page":"565","article-title":"Cutaneous manifestations inanorexia nervosa","volume":"130","author":"Hediger C","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hediger C, Rost B, Itin P. Cutaneous manifestations inanorexia nervosa. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 2000; 130: 565\u2013575.","journal-title":"Schweiz Med Wochenschr"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_102_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mjd.2002.120474"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_103_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mjd.2001.103266"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_104_2","first-page":"552","article-title":"Modification of the terminal circulation in Raynaud\u2019s disease and acrocyanosis","volume":"7","author":"Piovella C","year":"1965","unstructured":"Piovella C, Fratti L, Fontana S. Modification of the terminal circulation in Raynaud\u2019s disease and acrocyanosis. Bibl Anat 1965; 7: 552\u2013558.","journal-title":"Bibl Anat"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_105_2","first-page":"35","article-title":"Observation on venous and capillary pressures with special reference to the Raynaud Phenomena","volume":"7","author":"Briscoe G","year":"1918","unstructured":"Briscoe G. Observation on venous and capillary pressures with special reference to the Raynaud Phenomena. Heart 1918; 7: 35.","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_106_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1922.02640170030009"},{"issue":"16","key":"e_1_2_3_107_2","first-page":"142","article-title":"Velocity patterns in nailfold capillaries of normal subjects and patients with Raynaud\u2019s disease and acrocyanosis","author":"Bollinger A","year":"1977","unstructured":"Bollinger A, Mahler F, Meier B. Velocity patterns in nailfold capillaries of normal subjects and patients with Raynaud\u2019s disease and acrocyanosis. Bibl Anat 1977(16 Pt 2): 142\u2013145.","journal-title":"Bibl Anat"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_108_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005344-198500073-00017"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_109_2","first-page":"136","article-title":"Nomenclature of Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon: a capillary microscopic and hemorheologic study","volume":"101","author":"Jacobs MJ","year":"1987","unstructured":"Jacobs MJ, Breslau PJ, Slaaf DW, Reneman RS, Lemmens JA. Nomenclature of Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon: a capillary microscopic and hemorheologic study. Surgery 1987; 101: 136\u2013145.","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_110_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0954-6820.1959.tb00180.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_111_2","first-page":"229","article-title":"Observations upon the vascular mechanism in acrocyanosis","volume":"15","author":"Lewis T","year":"1929","unstructured":"Lewis T, Landis EM. Observations upon the vascular mechanism in acrocyanosis. Heart 1929; 15: 229\u2013246.","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_112_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-8703(36)90230-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_113_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0954-6820.1949.tb03460.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_114_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000331979604701102"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_115_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1966.tb12152.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_116_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000331976101200809"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_117_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/003591577306600802"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_118_2","first-page":"12","article-title":"Platelet function in patients with acrocyanosis","volume":"16","author":"Cimminiello C","year":"1987","unstructured":"Cimminiello C, Arpaia G, Milani M, . Platelet function in patients with acrocyanosis. Vasa 1987; 16: 12\u201315.","journal-title":"Vasa"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_119_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03010833"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_120_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JHSE.2007.05.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_121_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000331970205300505"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_122_2","first-page":"816","article-title":"Increased circulating platelet aggregates and coagulation factors in patients with Blackfoot disease","volume":"82","author":"Shen MC","year":"1983","unstructured":"Shen MC, Tseng WP, Chen CS. Increased circulating platelet aggregates and coagulation factors in patients with Blackfoot disease. Taiwan Yi Xue Hui Za Zhi 1983; 82: 816\u2013821.","journal-title":"Taiwan Yi Xue Hui Za Zhi"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_123_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1987.01660310089021"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_124_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/004947550403400102"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_125_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700039994"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_126_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00611902"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_127_2","first-page":"1387","article-title":"Sertraline, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, unmasking carcinoid syndrome","volume":"92","author":"Noyer CM","year":"1997","unstructured":"Noyer CM. Sertraline, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, unmasking carcinoid syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol 1997; 92: 1387\u20131388.","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_128_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02283115"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_129_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.142.8.1085"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_130_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/000155598443033"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_131_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3999(03)00381-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_132_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000051779"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_133_2","first-page":"25","article-title":"A comparative study of the digital cutaneous temperatures and hand blood flows in the normal hand,primary Raynaud\u2019s disease and primary acrocyanosis","volume":"18","author":"Peacock JH","year":"1959","unstructured":"Peacock JH. A comparative study of the digital cutaneous temperatures and hand blood flows in the normal hand,primary Raynaud\u2019s disease and primary acrocyanosis. Clin Sci 1959; 18: 25\u201333.","journal-title":"Clin Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_134_2","volume-title":"Clinical capillary microscopy","author":"Davis E","year":"1966","unstructured":"Davis E, Landau J. Clinical capillary microscopy. Springfield, IL: CC Thomas, 1966."},{"key":"e_1_2_3_135_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02230332"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_136_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2007.10.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_137_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mjd.2000.103046"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_138_2","first-page":"84","article-title":"Capi text V.1\u2013data analysis software for nailfold skin capillaroscopy","volume":"49","author":"Dobrev HP","year":"2007","unstructured":"Dobrev HP. Capi text V.1\u2013data analysis software for nailfold skin capillaroscopy. Folia Med (Plovdiv) 2007; 49: 84\u201387.","journal-title":"Folia Med (Plovdiv)"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_139_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000246054"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_140_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-2862(86)90062-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_141_2","first-page":"129","article-title":"A new capillaroscopic assessment of microvascular damage vs Maricq classification in patients with isolated Raynaud phenomenon","volume":"8","author":"Arpaia G","year":"1989","unstructured":"Arpaia G, Cimminiello C, Milani M, . A new capillaroscopic assessment of microvascular damage vs Maricq classification in patients with isolated Raynaud phenomenon. Int Angiol 1989; 8: 129\u2013133.","journal-title":"Int Angiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_142_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.45.9.741"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_143_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/kqn031"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_144_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-005-0012-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_145_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.1976.01360290097015"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_146_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-55-6-911"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_147_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.34.134"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_148_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s101570300010"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_149_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2008.09.038"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_150_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/11530180-000000000-00000"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_151_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.1E241"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_152_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(64)90012-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_153_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/RHU.0b013e3181776bde"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_154_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1993.tb12645.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_155_2","first-page":"378","article-title":"Cold agglutininemia with acrocyanosis in multicentric Castleman\u2019s disease: a case report","volume":"18","author":"Chuang SS","year":"1995","unstructured":"Chuang SS, Lin CC. Cold agglutininemia with acrocyanosis in multicentric Castleman\u2019s disease: a case report. Changgeng Yi Xue Za Zhi 1995; 18: 378\u2013382.","journal-title":"Changgeng Yi Xue Za Zhi"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_156_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/35.1.102"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_157_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.2006.04650.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_158_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S1807-59322009000200003"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_159_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.52.3.219"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_160_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(98)70116-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_161_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-4362.2002.01492_1.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_162_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.22365"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_163_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.1998.02568.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_164_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000016348.55378.C4"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_165_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mpd.2001.112170"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_166_2","first-page":"24A","article-title":"Ethylmalonic encephalomyopathy with petechiae: reduction in ethylmalonic acid excretion with methionine restriction and delineation of coagulopathy","volume":"37","author":"McGowan KA","year":"1996","unstructured":"McGowan KA, Barshop BA, Naviaux RK, Haas RH, Yu A, Nyhan WL. Ethylmalonic encephalomyopathy with petechiae: reduction in ethylmalonic acid excretion with methionine restriction and delineation of coagulopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1996; 37: 24A.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_167_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000253904"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_168_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3177\/jnsv.19.375"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_169_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000331977802900113"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_170_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20786204.2007.10873574"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_171_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000331977702800604"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_172_2","first-page":"249","article-title":"Thoracoscopic sympathectomy for vasospastic diseases","volume":"2","author":"Di Lorenzo N","year":"1998","unstructured":"Di Lorenzo N, Sica GS, Sileri P, Gaspari AL. Thoracoscopic sympathectomy for vasospastic diseases. J Soc Laparoendosc Surg 1998; 2: 249\u2013253.","journal-title":"J Soc Laparoendosc Surg"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_173_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-007-9293-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_174_2","first-page":"39","article-title":"Results of a double-blind placebo controlled study with a serotonine selective antagonist (ketanserin) in the treatment of 30 patients with acrocyanotic syndrome","volume":"4","author":"Allegra C","year":"1985","unstructured":"Allegra C, Tonelli V. Results of a double-blind placebo controlled study with a serotonine selective antagonist (ketanserin) in the treatment of 30 patients with acrocyanotic syndrome. Clinica e Terapia Cardiovascolare 1985; 4: 39\u201345.","journal-title":"Clinica e Terapia Cardiovascolare"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_175_2","first-page":"559","article-title":"Study on blackfoot disease: with special reference to evaluating its cutaneous microcirculatory status","volume":"9","author":"Chang CH","year":"1993","unstructured":"Chang CH, Yu HS, Chen GS, Wang MT, Ko SS. Study on blackfoot disease: with special reference to evaluating its cutaneous microcirculatory status. Gaoxiong Yi Xue Ke Xue Za Zhi 1993; 9: 559\u2013566.","journal-title":"Gaoxiong Yi Xue Ke Xue Za Zhi"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_176_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-009-0773-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_177_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.21258"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_178_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10428190009065846"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1177\/1358863x11424097","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,14]],"date-time":"2011-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1318550400000}}],"container-title":["Vascular Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1358863X11398519","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1358863X11398519","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T03:23:58Z","timestamp":1777692238000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/1358863X11398519"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,22]]},"references-count":177,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/1358863X11398519"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1358863x11398519","relation":{},"ISSN":["1358-863X","1477-0377"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1358-863X","type":"print"},{"value":"1477-0377","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,22]]}}}