{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T23:12:06Z","timestamp":1777936326476,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,7]],"date-time":"2016-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1467849600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vasc Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The purpose of this study is to characterize the plaque morphology of severe stenoses in the superficial femoral artery (SFA) employing combined near-infrared spectroscopy and intravascular ultrasound (NIRS-IVUS). Atherosclerosis is the most common cause of symptomatic peripheral arterial disease. Plaque composition of SFA stenoses has been characterized as primarily fibrous or fibrocalcific by non-invasive and autopsy studies. NIRS has been validated to detect lipid-core plaque (LCP) in the coronary circulation. We imaged severe SFA stenoses with NIRS-IVUS prior to revascularization in 31 patients (46 stenoses) with Rutherford claudication \u2a7e class 3. Angiographic parameters included lesion location and stenosis severity. IVUS parameters included plaque burden and presence of calcium. NIRS images were analyzed for LCP and maximum lipid-core burden index in a 4-mm length of artery (maxLCBI\n                    <jats:sub>4mm<\/jats:sub>\n                    ). By angiography, 38 (82.6%) lesions were calcified and 9 (19.6%) were chronic total occlusions. Baseline stenosis severity and lesion length were 86.0 \u00b1 11.0% and 36.5 \u00b1 46.5 mm, respectively. NIRS-IVUS identified calcium in 45 (97.8%) lesions and LCP in 17 (37.0%) lesions. MaxLCBI\n                    <jats:sub>4mm<\/jats:sub>\n                    was 433 \u00b1 244. All lesions with LCP also contained calcium; there were no non-calcified lesions with LCP. In conclusion, this is the first study of combined NIRS-IVUS in patients with PAD. NIRS-IVUS demonstrates that nearly all patients with symptomatic severe SFA disease have fibrocalcific plaque, and one-third of such lesions contain LCP. These findings contrast with those in patients with acute coronary syndromes, and may have implications regarding the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis in different vascular beds.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1358863x16631420","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,8]],"date-time":"2016-03-08T21:25:57Z","timestamp":1457472357000},"page":"337-344","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Invasive evaluation of plaque morphology of symptomatic superficial femoral artery stenoses using combined near-infrared spectroscopy and intravascular ultrasound"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Sibin K","family":"Zacharias","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert D","family":"Safian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ryan D","family":"Madder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Frederick Meijer Heart & Vascular Institute, Spectrum Health, Grand Rapids, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ivan D","family":"Hanson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark C","family":"Pica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James L","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James A","family":"Goldstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amr E","family":"Abbas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1358863X16631420","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000137913.26087.F0"},{"key":"bibr2-1358863X16631420","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.20.5.1177"},{"key":"bibr3-1358863X16631420","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2009.05.001"},{"key":"bibr4-1358863X16631420","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.111.963264"},{"key":"bibr5-1358863X16631420","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.111.963934"},{"key":"bibr6-1358863X16631420","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2008.06.001"},{"key":"bibr7-1358863X16631420","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(01)01175-5"},{"key":"bibr8-1358863X16631420","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1532-429X-12-37"},{"key":"bibr9-1358863X16631420","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcin.2013.04.012"},{"key":"bibr10-1358863X16631420","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.107.486480"},{"key":"bibr11-1358863X16631420","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.20.5.1262"},{"key":"bibr12-1358863X16631420","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2007.10.037"},{"key":"bibr13-1358863X16631420","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4244\/EIJV6I3A65"},{"key":"bibr14-1358863X16631420","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehn506"},{"key":"bibr15-1358863X16631420","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehr387"},{"key":"bibr16-1358863X16631420","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1583\/07-2249R.1"},{"key":"bibr17-1358863X16631420","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semvascsurg.2006.06.004"},{"key":"bibr18-1358863X16631420","unstructured":"Otto CM, Pearlman AS. 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