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Further, the role of iliocaval venous obstruction (ICVO) in lower-extremity VTE has been increasingly recognized in recent years. Imaging continues to play an important role in both acute and chronic venous disease. Venous duplex ultrasound remains the gold standard for diagnosing acute VTE. However, imaging of CPC is more complex and may involve computed tomography, magnetic resonance, contrast-enhanced ultrasound, or intravascular ultrasound. In this narrative review, we aim to discuss the full spectrum of venous disease imaging for both acute and chronic venous thrombotic disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1358863x231198069","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,4]],"date-time":"2023-10-04T13:41:37Z","timestamp":1696426897000},"page":"592-603","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Noninvasive and invasive imaging of lower-extremity acute and chronic venous thrombotic disease"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Xin","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christer","family":"Ruff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University of Tubingen, Tubingen, 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