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We created two models of infrarenal inferior vena cava (IVC) stenting to study patency, flow rate, wall shear stress, and endothelial coverage over the stents in a microsurgery rodent model.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In Group 1, Sprague-Dawley rats underwent IVC stenting. Patency was measured by ultrasonography immediately postoperatively (POD-0) and at postoperative day 1 (POD-1). Stents underwent histological analysis up to 21 days postimplantation. Group 2 stented rats received periprocedural anticoagulation (enoxaparin 6 mg\/kg SC) and were harvested to evaluate stent coverage using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). En face immunofluorescence (IF) staining was performed in Group 3. Human samples from stent occlusions were collected in the endovascular suite and compared with the animal histological findings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In Group 1, 65% of the stented animals (13\/20) were patent POD-0, increasing to 85% (17\/20) by POD-1. Histologically, in-stent restenosis (ISR) was 6.2 \u00b1 3.8%, and residual thrombosis (RT) was 32.01 \u00b1 23.12% of the IVC total luminal stent area (LSA). These animals\u2019 pathological processes are similar to those in humans. The mean IVC vein wall thickness (VWT) was 80.18 \u00b1 13.14 \u03bcm. In Group 2, all animals were patent (21\/21) postimplantation and remained patent in POD-1. IF demonstrated stent coverage with CD31\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      endothelial cells. Total stent endothelialization by SEM reached 69.53 \u00b1 14.84% at 7 days and increased to 91.51 \u00b1 11.23% at 21 days.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Quantifying rat venous stent patency and endothelialization via histology and microscopy revealed complete patency with anticoagulation and pathological occlusions (RT, ISR) when withholding anticoagulation. This rodent model will facilitate the preclinical testing of future venous stents.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/1358863x261436329","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T12:17:51Z","timestamp":1781093871000},"page":"272-285","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Histopathological and duplex characteristics of deep venous stents: A novel microsurgical small animal model"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0410-4563","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oscar","family":"Moreno","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Section of Vascular Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-5599-0541","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Trevin","family":"Eggleston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Section of Vascular Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine E","family":"Luke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Section of Vascular Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amber","family":"Clay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Section of Vascular Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kate","family":"Micallef","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Section of Vascular Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kiran","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Section of Vascular Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabrina","family":"Rocco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Section of Vascular Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1706-2799","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kevin","family":"Hughes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medtronic Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2540-9745","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Gordon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel D","family":"Myers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Section of Vascular Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"},{"name":"Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas W","family":"Wakefield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Section of Vascular Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6544-4927","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter K","family":"Henke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Section of Vascular Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7613-2366","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea T","family":"Obi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Section of Vascular Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","article-title":"Contemporary nationwide trends and in-hospital outcomes of adjunctive stenting in patients undergoing catheter-directed thrombolysis for proximal deep venous thrombosis","volume":"9","author":"Tang A","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tang A, Lakhter V, Zack CJ, et al. 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