{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T17:14:47Z","timestamp":1777482887899,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,9]],"date-time":"2013-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1368057600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Accumulating evidence suggests that children suffering deprivation and maltreatment at critical times in their development often pay a cognitive toll. While children vary to the extent that neurocognitive domains are affected, those factors influence how children process, manage and understand traumatic and attachment experiences as well as how they respond to treatment. Current research on trauma and attachment favor some aspects of cognition over others. The literature discusses attention, memory, cognitive biases, internal working models, beliefs and attributions as ways that impact an individual\u2019s understanding of experience. Other categories such as working memory, processing speed, verbal, auditory or perceptual processing, metacognitive skills, and cognitive rigidity or flexibility rarely surface. This paper examines what is and is not known about the interface of cognition with attachment and complex trauma and how that knowledge can inform treatment. It explores existing research and offers a case vignette as an example of how that knowledge can be integrated into treatment strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1359104513486998","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,10]],"date-time":"2013-05-10T00:28:39Z","timestamp":1368145719000},"page":"336-354","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Neurocognitive considerations in the treatment of attachment and complex trauma in children"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Karen","family":"Zilberstein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Smith College School for Social Work, Northampton, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1359104513486998","volume-title":"Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of the Strange Situation","author":"Ainsworth M. D. S.","year":"1978"},{"key":"bibr2-1359104513486998","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.20266"},{"key":"bibr3-1359104513486998","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195100655.001.0001","volume-title":"Trauma and memory","author":"Appelbaum P.","year":"1997"},{"key":"bibr4-1359104513486998","volume-title":"Attachment and psychopathology","author":"Atkinson L.","year":"1997"},{"key":"bibr5-1359104513486998","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0025955"},{"key":"bibr6-1359104513486998","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2206.2008.00557.x"},{"key":"bibr7-1359104513486998","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2006.00898.x"},{"key":"bibr8-1359104513486998","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00107530.2003.10747213"},{"key":"bibr9-1359104513486998","first-page":"483","volume":"159","author":"Beers S. R.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"bibr10-1359104513486998","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09297040802244136"},{"key":"bibr11-1359104513486998","volume-title":"Enhancing early attachments: Theory, research, intervention, and policy","author":"Berlin L.","year":"2005"},{"key":"bibr12-1359104513486998","volume-title":"Treating traumatic stress in children and adolescents: How to foster resilience through attachment, self-regulation, and competency","author":"Blaustein M.","year":"2010"},{"key":"bibr13-1359104513486998","volume-title":"Attachment and loss: Attachment","author":"Bowlby J.","year":"1982","edition":"2"},{"key":"bibr14-1359104513486998","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(01)00127-9"},{"key":"bibr15-1359104513486998","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.76.3.367"},{"key":"bibr16-1359104513486998","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-007-0074-5"},{"key":"bibr17-1359104513486998","volume-title":"Treating trauma and traumatic grief in children and adolescents","author":"Cohen J.","year":"2006"},{"key":"bibr18-1359104513486998","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cook A., Blaustein M., Spinazzola J., van der Kolk B. (Eds.) (2003). Complex trauma in children and adolescents. National Child Traumatic Stress Network. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.NCTSNet.org.","DOI":"10.1037\/e404122005-001"},{"issue":"3","key":"bibr19-1359104513486998","first-page":"145","volume-title":"Monographs of the Society for Research on Child Development","volume":"64","author":"Crittenden P. M.","year":"1999"},{"key":"bibr20-1359104513486998","volume-title":"Working memory and academic learning: Assessment and intervention","author":"Dehn M.","year":"2008"},{"key":"bibr21-1359104513486998","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2008.08.002"},{"key":"bibr22-1359104513486998","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-6185(02)00247-5"},{"key":"bibr23-1359104513486998","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1528-3542.6.2.340"},{"key":"bibr24-1359104513486998","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15434610590913612"},{"key":"bibr25-1359104513486998","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2005.05.001"},{"key":"bibr26-1359104513486998","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0300443981410101"},{"key":"bibr27-1359104513486998","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07351692209348990"},{"key":"bibr28-1359104513486998","volume-title":"Treating complex traumatic stress disorders: An evidence-based guide (pp. 31\u201358)","author":"Ford J.","year":"2009"},{"key":"bibr29-1359104513486998","volume-title":"Treating complex traumatic stress disorders: An evidence-based guide (pp. 59\u201381)","author":"Ford J.","year":"2009"},{"key":"bibr30-1359104513486998","first-page":"13","volume-title":"Treating complex traumatic stress disorders: An evidence-based guide","author":"Ford J.","year":"2009"},{"key":"bibr31-1359104513486998","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(99)80016-6"},{"key":"bibr32-1359104513486998","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19361520802003822"},{"key":"bibr33-1359104513486998","volume-title":"Helping abused and traumatized children: Integrating directive and nondirective approaches","author":"Gil E.","year":"2006"},{"key":"bibr34-1359104513486998","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.61.1.34"},{"key":"bibr35-1359104513486998","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00102"},{"key":"bibr36-1359104513486998","first-page":"149","volume-title":"Engaging autism: Using the floortime approach to help children relate, communicate, and think","author":"Greenspan S. I.","year":"2006"},{"key":"bibr37-1359104513486998","first-page":"83","volume":"1","author":"Greenwald R.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Anxiety Disorders Practice Journal"},{"key":"bibr38-1359104513486998","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1744629506067612"},{"key":"bibr39-1359104513486998","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0012705"},{"key":"bibr40-1359104513486998","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02699050400025224"},{"key":"bibr41-1359104513486998","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00754170010003633"},{"key":"bibr42-1359104513486998","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0017862"},{"key":"bibr43-1359104513486998","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14616730412331281539"},{"key":"bibr44-1359104513486998","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/psyc.2006.69.4.362"},{"key":"bibr45-1359104513486998","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13803390500507246"},{"key":"bibr46-1359104513486998","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-5215.2006.00127.x"},{"key":"bibr47-1359104513486998","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/157340007781369702"},{"key":"bibr48-1359104513486998","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0021184"},{"key":"bibr49-1359104513486998","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10615-009-0229-x"},{"key":"bibr50-1359104513486998","volume-title":"Psychotherapy with infants and young children: Repairing the effects of stress and trauma on early attachments","author":"Lieberman A.","year":"2008"},{"key":"bibr51-1359104513486998","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-3204.41.4.472"},{"key":"bibr52-1359104513486998","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00030651030510031501"},{"key":"bibr53-1359104513486998","volume-title":"Clinical Applications of the Adult Attachment Interview (pp. 31\u201368)","author":"Main M.","year":"2008"},{"key":"bibr54-1359104513486998","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2007.08.011"},{"key":"bibr55-1359104513486998","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-006-0255-2"},{"key":"bibr56-1359104513486998","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2006.01612.x"},{"key":"bibr57-1359104513486998","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0022161"},{"key":"bibr58-1359104513486998","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14616730310001593974"},{"key":"bibr59-1359104513486998","volume-title":"Nonverbal learning disabilities","author":"Palombo J.","year":"2006"},{"key":"bibr60-1359104513486998","first-page":"27","volume-title":"Working with Traumatized Youth in Child Welfare","author":"Perry B.","year":"2006"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr61-1359104513486998","first-page":"33","volume":"7","author":"Perry B. D.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Stress in Children"},{"key":"bibr62-1359104513486998","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1359104510365195"},{"key":"bibr63-1359104513486998","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0b013e31815aa325"},{"key":"bibr64-1359104513486998","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.76.2.243"},{"key":"bibr65-1359104513486998","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-6811.00036"},{"key":"bibr66-1359104513486998","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-7358(01)00086-1"},{"key":"bibr67-1359104513486998","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-005-0002-5"},{"key":"bibr68-1359104513486998","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09297040903190782"},{"key":"bibr69-1359104513486998","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0013345"},{"key":"bibr70-1359104513486998","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-3802.2007.00093.x"},{"key":"bibr71-1359104513486998","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10615-007-0111-7"},{"key":"bibr72-1359104513486998","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0014274"},{"key":"bibr73-1359104513486998","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15374424jccp2704_2"},{"key":"bibr74-1359104513486998","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.37.1.3"},{"key":"bibr75-1359104513486998","volume-title":"Attachment disorganization","author":"Solomon J.","year":"1999"},{"key":"bibr76-1359104513486998","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/000486700265"},{"key":"bibr77-1359104513486998","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00797308.2003.11800719"},{"key":"bibr78-1359104513486998","unstructured":"Sussan D., Son L. (2007). The training of metacognitive monitoring in children. Columbia Undergraduate Science Journal, 2(1), 98\u2013109. Retrieved from http:\/\/cusj.columbia.edu."},{"key":"bibr79-1359104513486998","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200312000-00006"},{"key":"bibr80-1359104513486998","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.133.6.1038"},{"key":"bibr81-1359104513486998","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1348\/147608310X520139","volume":"84","author":"Vanheule S.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice"},{"key":"bibr82-1359104513486998","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2007.01016.x"},{"key":"bibr83-1359104513486998","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.20536"},{"key":"bibr84-1359104513486998","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.107.045922"},{"key":"bibr85-1359104513486998","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-9964(02)00239-6"}],"container-title":["Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1359104513486998","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/1359104513486998","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1359104513486998","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T14:18:41Z","timestamp":1777385921000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/1359104513486998"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,9]]},"references-count":85,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/1359104513486998"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1359104513486998","relation":{},"ISSN":["1359-1045","1461-7021"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1359-1045","type":"print"},{"value":"1461-7021","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,9]]}}}