{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T13:04:04Z","timestamp":1778677444346,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,23]],"date-time":"2020-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1592870400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Philip Leverhulme Trust","award":["PLP-2014-095"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PLP-2014-095"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000279","name":"Nuffield Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CPF\/41513"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CPF\/41513"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000279","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011199","name":"FP7 Ideas: European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FP7\/2007-2013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FP7\/2007-2013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011199","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004789","name":"John Fell Fund, University of Oxford","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004789","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001336","name":"university of the witwatersrand, johannesburg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001336","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Sweden Norad"},{"name":"ERC grant agreement","award":["313421"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["313421"]}]},{"name":"Help Age"},{"name":"HEARD"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000269","name":"UK Economic Social Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001321","name":"national research foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001321","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"South African National Research Foundation","award":["RES-062-23-2068"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RES-062-23-2068"]}]},{"name":"South African National Department of Social Development"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001337","name":"Claude Leon Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001337","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Children in Southern Africa are exposed to high rates of structural and family adversities. This study tests whether services from Community Based Organisations (CBOs) in South Africa can promote children\u2019s resilience against depression exposed to such adversities. Two linked longitudinal studies were conducted, comprising n = 1848 children aged 9 to 13 years. One group received CBO services, whilst the other (quasi-control) did not. Analyses used interaction terms in regression models to test for potential moderation effects of CBO attendance, and marginal effects models to interpret significant interactions. Two interaction effects were shown, demonstrating moderation effects of CBO attendance on common structural disadvantages. First, children exposed to community violence showed increased depression (contrast = 0.62 [95%CI 0.43, 0.82], p &lt; .001), but this association was removed by CBO access (contrast = 0.07 [95%CI \u22120.28, 0.43], p = .682). Second, children living in informal housing showed increased depression (contrast = 0.63 [95%CI 0.42, 0.85], p &lt; .001), however, this association was removed by CBO access (contrast = 0.01 [95%CI \u22120.55, 0.56], p = .977). CBO attendance is associated with fewer depressive symptoms, and can buffer against important structural adversities of poor housing and violence that are common in high HIV-prevalence areas. However, CBO attendance was not able to remove the increased psychosocial distress associated with some family-level vulnerabilities such as orphanhood and abuse. These findings highlight the centrality of CBO-provided psychosocial support for children in Southern Africa, and suggest areas for bolstering provision.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1359104520935502","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,23]],"date-time":"2020-06-23T04:13:22Z","timestamp":1592885602000},"page":"984-1001","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Depressive symptoms among children attending community based support in South Africa \u2013 pathways for disrupting risk factors"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5902-8011","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorraine","family":"Sherr","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Global Health, University College London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexa R","family":"Yakubovich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Evidence-Based Intervention, Department of Social Policy & Social Intervention, University of Oxford, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Skeen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Stellenbosch University, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Tomlinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Stellenbosch University, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lucie D","family":"Cluver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Evidence-Based Intervention, Department of Social Policy & Social Intervention, University of Oxford, UK"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kathryn J","family":"Roberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Global Health, University College London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Macedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Global Health, University College London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1359104520935502","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anda R. F., Felitti V. J., Bremner J. D., Walker J. D., Whitfield C., Perry B. D., Dube S. R., Giles W. H. (2006). The enduring effects of abuse and related adverse experiences in childhood. A convergence of evidence from neurobiology and epidemiology. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 256(3), 174\u2013186. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00406-005-0624-4","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-005-0624-4"},{"key":"bibr2-1359104520935502","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0002-9432.71.1.16"},{"key":"bibr3-1359104520935502","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Betancourt T. S., Meyers-Ohki S. E., Charrow A., Hansen N. (2013). Annual research review: Mental health and resilience in HIV\/AIDS-affected children\u2014A review of the literature and recommendations for future research. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 54(4), 423\u2013444. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2012.02613.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2012.02613.x"},{"key":"bibr4-1359104520935502","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09540120600986578"},{"key":"bibr5-1359104520935502","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cluver L. D., Orkin F. M., Boyes M. E., Sherr L. (2015). Child and adolescent suicide attempts, suicidal behavior, and adverse childhood experiences in South Africa: A prospective study. Journal of Adolescent Health, 57(1), 52\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2015.03.001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2015.03.001"},{"key":"bibr6-1359104520935502","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2013.03.028"},{"key":"bibr7-1359104520935502","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-015-0068-x"},{"key":"bibr8-1359104520935502","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cutrona C. E., Wallace G., Wesner K. A. (2006). Neighborhood characteristics and depression: An examination of stress processes. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 15(4), 188\u2013192. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-8721.2006.00433.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8721.2006.00433.x"},{"key":"bibr9-1359104520935502","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Diez Roux A. V., Mair C. (2010). Neighborhoods and health. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1186(1), 125\u2013145. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2009.05333.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2009.05333.x"},{"key":"bibr10-1359104520935502","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1540-4560.00074"},{"key":"bibr11-1359104520935502","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Foster G. (2007). Under the radar: Community safety nets for AIDS-affected households in sub-Saharan Africa. AIDS Care, 19(Suppl. 1), S54\u2013S63. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09540120601114469","DOI":"10.1080\/09540120601114469"},{"key":"bibr12-1359104520935502","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15381501.2017.1320619"},{"key":"bibr13-1359104520935502","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2018.1469727"},{"key":"bibr14-1359104520935502","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/31.2.359"},{"key":"bibr15-1359104520935502","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260519827662"},{"key":"bibr16-1359104520935502","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015-4079"},{"key":"bibr17-1359104520935502","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim D. (2008). Blues from the neighborhood? Neighborhood characteristics and depression. Epidemiologic Reviews, 30(1), 101\u2013117. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/epirev\/mxn009","DOI":"10.1093\/epirev\/mxn009"},{"key":"bibr18-1359104520935502","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"King E., De Silva M., Stein A., Patel V. (2009). Interventions for improving the psychosocial well-being of children affected by HIV and AIDS. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2, CD006733. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD006733.pub2","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006733.pub2"},{"key":"bibr19-1359104520935502","volume-title":"Children\u2019s Depression Inventory","author":"Kovacs M.","year":"1992"},{"key":"bibr20-1359104520935502","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21642850.2015.1068698"},{"key":"bibr21-1359104520935502","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579400004156"},{"key":"bibr22-1359104520935502","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(01)00214-3"},{"key":"bibr23-1359104520935502","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.12205"},{"key":"bibr24-1359104520935502","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McDonald C., Richmond T. R. (2008). The Relationship between community violence exposure and mental health symptoms in urban adolescents. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 15(10), 833\u2013849. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2850.2008.01321.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2850.2008.01321.x"},{"key":"bibr25-1359104520935502","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2015-205860"},{"key":"bibr26-1359104520935502","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40609-018-0110-3"},{"key":"bibr27-1359104520935502","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1186\/1758-2652-13-1","volume":"13","author":"Richter L","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Internal AIDS Society"},{"key":"bibr28-1359104520935502","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000000361"},{"key":"bibr29-1359104520935502","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Richter L. M., Sherr L., Adato M., Belsey M., Chandan U., Desmond C., Drimie S., Haour-Knipe M., Hosegood V., Kimou J., Madhavan S., Mathambo V., Wakhweya A. (2009). Strengthening families to support children affected by HIV and AIDS. AIDS Care, 21(Suppl. 1), 3\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09540120902923121","DOI":"10.1080\/09540120902923121"},{"key":"bibr30-1359104520935502","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00332747.1993.11024617"},{"key":"bibr31-1359104520935502","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09540120802537831"},{"key":"bibr32-1359104520935502","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sherr L., Cluver L. D., Betancourt T. S., Kellerman S. E., Richter L. M., Desmond C. (2014). Evidence of impact: Health, psychological and social effects of adult HIV on children. AIDS, 28 (Suppl. 3), S251\u2013S259. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/QAD.0000000000000327","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000000327"},{"key":"bibr33-1359104520935502","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cch.12533"},{"key":"bibr34-1359104520935502","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0151305"},{"key":"bibr35-1359104520935502","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2016.1146219"},{"key":"bibr36-1359104520935502","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17450128.2016.1276656"},{"key":"bibr37-1359104520935502","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1363461512448325"},{"key":"bibr38-1359104520935502","volume-title":"Psychosocial vulnerability and resilience measures for national-level monitoring of orphans and other vulnerable children: Recommendations for revision of the UNICEF Psychological Indicator","author":"Snider L. M.","year":"2006"},{"key":"bibr39-1359104520935502","volume-title":"Census 2001","author":"Statistics South Africa","year":"2001"},{"key":"bibr40-1359104520935502","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000000328"},{"key":"bibr41-1359104520935502","volume-title":"The development, implementation, and evaluation of interventions for the care of orphans and vulnerable children in Botswana, South Africa, and Zimbabwe: A literature review of evidence-based interventions for home-based child-centred development","author":"Strebel A.","year":"2004"},{"key":"bibr42-1359104520935502","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6947-9-51"},{"key":"bibr43-1359104520935502","volume-title":"Global AIDS update","author":"UNAIDS","year":"2016"},{"key":"bibr44-1359104520935502","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ungar M. (2011). The social ecology of resilience: Addressing contextual and cultural ambiguity of a nascent construct. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 81(1), 1\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1939-0025.2010.01067.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-0025.2010.01067.x"},{"key":"bibr45-1359104520935502","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vreeman R. C., McCoy B. M., Lee S. (2017) Mental health challenges among adolescents living with HIV. Journal of International AIDS Society, 20(Suppl. 3), 21497. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7448\/IAS.20.4.21497","DOI":"10.7448\/IAS.20.4.21497"},{"key":"bibr46-1359104520935502","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2017.1281878"},{"key":"bibr47-1359104520935502","volume-title":"Finding a way forward: Principles and strategies to reduce the impact of AIDS on children and families","author":"Williamson J.","year":"2000"},{"key":"bibr48-1359104520935502","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2989\/17280583.2017.1283320"},{"key":"bibr49-1359104520935502","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yakubovich A. R., Sherr L., Cluver L. D., Skeen S., Hensels I. S., Macedo A., Tomlinson M. (2016). Community-based organizations for vulnerable children in South Africa: Reach, psychosocial correlates, and potential mechanisms. Children and Youth Services Review, 62, 58\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.childyouth.2016.01.016","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2016.01.016"},{"key":"bibr50-1359104520935502","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511615788.012"}],"container-title":["Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1359104520935502","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/1359104520935502","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1359104520935502","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T14:19:15Z","timestamp":1777385955000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/1359104520935502"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,23]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/1359104520935502"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1359104520935502","relation":{},"ISSN":["1359-1045","1461-7021"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1359-1045","type":"print"},{"value":"1461-7021","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,23]]}}}