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There remains a pressing need to integrate influences across layers of organization within youths\u2019 developmental contexts to further understand how to enhance belonging amongst this demographic. Here, we investigate: (1) \u201cHow do risk and promotive factors converge in relation to belonging among youth?\u201d and (2) \u201cDo risk and promotive factors associate differently with belonging between boys and girls?\u201d.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Responses from a community-based questionnaire were analyzed to establish ecological systems networks of the interrelationships between youths\u2019 social connections, well-being, belonging, and sociodemographic factors (N\n                      <jats:sub>girls<\/jats:sub>\n                      = 477, N\n                      <jats:sub>boys<\/jats:sub>\n                      = 245; M\n                      <jats:sub>age<\/jats:sub>\n                      = 14.2,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">SD<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 2.2 years).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Our findings demonstrate the salience of ethnicity-based discrimination experiences in diminished mental health outcomes and lower belonging among boys. Additionally, we show the crucial link between emotional support from teachers and family with higher belonging for youth.\n                      <jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold>\n                      We discuss the importance of gender-based considerations when targeting belonging promotion and well-being among children and adolescents.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/13591045251380305","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,18]],"date-time":"2025-09-18T13:38:32Z","timestamp":1758202712000},"page":"172-194","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Youth\u2019s sense of belonging and associated risk and promotive factors: An ecological systems network analysis"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8558-0889","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatima","family":"Wasif","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Waterloo"},{"name":"University of Waterloo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7805-1719","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jackson A","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Waterloo"},{"name":"University of Waterloo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7445-6604","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dillon T","family":"Browne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Waterloo"},{"name":"University of Waterloo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721412471347"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10648-016-9389-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12187-022-09927-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00049530.2021.1883409"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219415620569"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_7_1","unstructured":"American Psychological AssociationBoys and Men Guidelines Group. 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