{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T23:56:12Z","timestamp":1790812572972,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779840000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779840000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ADHD is a prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder frequently accompanied by psychiatric comorbidities. While international evidence is well-established, data from South Africa \u2014 particularly in younger children \u2014 remain limited.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To describe psychiatric comorbidities and associated factors in children aged 7\u201312\u00a0years with primary ADHD at the Child, Adolescent, and Family Unit (CAFU), Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital (CMJAH).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A retrospective cross-sectional record review of children aged 7\u201312\u00a0years with primary ADHD at CAFU between January 2020 and December 2022. Data were analysed using SPSS version 26.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Of 573 records screened, 108 were included. The combined subtype was most prevalent (72.2%). Almost all children (95.5%) had at least one comorbidity. The most frequent were generalised anxiety disorder (52.8%), intellectual disability (38.9%), and oppositional defiant disorder (29.6%). Females were more likely to present with oppositional defiant disorder (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .007) and males with autism spectrum disorder (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .032). High rates of domestic violence (29.6%), parental substance abuse (33.3%), and parental psychiatric history (30.6%) were documented.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Psychiatric comorbidities are highly prevalent in South African children with ADHD, exceeding international estimates, and reflect the broader psychosocial context of the setting. Comprehensive, multidisciplinary, and trauma-informed assessments are essential.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/13591045261453402","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T13:12:59Z","timestamp":1779887579000},"page":"1681-1705","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Psychiatric Comorbidities in 7-12 Year Old Children Diagnosed With ADHD in South Africa: A Record Review"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-5322-9827","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tshimogo","family":"Sathekge","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg Faculty of Health Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meghan","family":"Bruton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg Faculty of Health Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emilie","family":"Godwin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg Faculty of Health Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monique","family":"Gouws","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg Faculty of Health Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hendrik","family":"Grobler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg Faculty of Health Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Palesa","family":"Lombard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg Faculty of Health Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Buyile","family":"Mdlangathi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg Faculty of Health Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tarini","family":"Nadesan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg Faculty of Health Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-006-0569-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2023.07.071"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12991-020-00271-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/ajpsy.v15i5.45"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054715613437"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-017-0971-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12402-012-0090-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2005WR004222"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12618-009-0021-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_1","volume-title":"StatPearls","author":"Ellis E. E.","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ellis E. E., Yilanli M., Saadabadi A. (2025). Reactive attachment disorder. In StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2016.06.016"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_3_3_14_1","first-page":"e9521","article-title":"The psychosocial outcome of conduct and oppositional defiant disorder in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder","volume":"12","author":"Eskander N.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Eskander N. (2020). The psychosocial outcome of conduct and oppositional defiant disorder in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Cureus, 12(8), Article e9521. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.9521","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2010.12.031"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054708320404"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073808331086"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v7.i17.2420"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2016.06.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5152\/npa.2015.7024"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_3_3_21_1","first-page":"e31318","article-title":"Review of the current knowledge of reactive attachment disorder","volume":"14","author":"Irfan N.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Irfan N., Nair A., Bhaskaran J., Akter M., Watts T. (2022). Review of the current knowledge of reactive attachment disorder. Cureus, 14(11), Article e31318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.31318","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5618.2006.00293.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12402-014-0142-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jogia J. Sharif A. H. Nawaz F. A. Khan A. R. Alawami R. H. Aljanahi M. A. Djidjell M. (2022). Comorbidities associated with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents at a tertiary care setting. Global Pediatric Health 9 Article 21076607. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2333794X221076607","DOI":"10.1177\/2333794X221076607"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_1","article-title":"Synopsis of psychiatry: Behavioral sciences, clinical psychiatry","volume":"4","author":"Kaplan H. I.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kaplan H. I., Sadock B. J. (2007). Synopsis of psychiatry: Behavioral sciences, clinical psychiatry. International Clinical Psychopharmacology, 4. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00004850-198904000-00007","journal-title":"International Clinical Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.chi.0000153232.64968.c1"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_3_27_1","first-page":"52","article-title":"General practitioners\u2019 familiarity, attitudes and practices with regard to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adults","volume":"51","author":"Louw C.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Louw C., Oswald M., Perold M. (2009). General practitioners\u2019 familiarity, attitudes and practices with regard to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adults. South African Family Practice, 51(3), 52\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/20786204.2009.10873832","journal-title":"South African Family Practice"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_3_28_1","first-page":"93","article-title":"Persistence of attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder into adulthood: A study conducted on parents of children diagnosed with attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"10","author":"Mahomedy Z.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Mahomedy Z., Westhuizen D., Linde M. J., Coetsee J. (2007). Persistence of attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder into adulthood: A study conducted on parents of children diagnosed with attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder. South African Psychiatry Review, 10(3), 93\u201398.","journal-title":"South African Psychiatry Review"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.chi.0000153228.72591.73"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lindif.2005.07.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/008124630403400108"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054719886372"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2989\/17280583.2020.1848851"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15700\/saje.v43n1a2136"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-95751-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09720073.2013.11891301"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10870547211058704"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-008-9282-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.19.3.309"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olashore A. A. Paruk S. Ogunjumo J. A. Ogundipe R. M. (2020). Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in school-age children in Gaborone Botswana: Comorbidity and risk factors. South African Journal of Psychiatry 26 Article 1525. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4102\/sajpsychiatry.v26i0.1525","DOI":"10.4102\/sajpsychiatry.v26i0.1525"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyt261"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054711423625"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)33004-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bdi.12346"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4102\/safp.v62i1.5124"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-017-1005-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Regnart J. Truter I. Zingela Z. Meyer A. (2019). A pilot study: Use of the adult attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity disorder self-report scale in a South African patient population. South African Journal of Psychiatry 25 Article 1326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4102\/sajpsychiatry.v25i0.1326","DOI":"10.4102\/sajpsychiatry.v25i0.1326"},{"issue":"55","key":"e_1_3_3_48_1","first-page":"226","article-title":"Prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder among school children and associated co-morbidities: A hospital based descriptive study","volume":"14","author":"Rimal H.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rimal H., Pokharel A. (2016). Prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder among school children and associated co-morbidities: A hospital based descriptive study. Kathmandu University Medical Journal, 14(55), 226\u2013230. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1087054720934042","journal-title":"Kathmandu University Medical Journal"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/070674370505000808"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-023-01456-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.13283"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schoeman R. Voges T. (2022). Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder stigma: The silent barrier to care. South African Journal of Psychiatry 28 Article a1865. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4102\/sajpsychiatry.v28i0.1865","DOI":"10.4102\/sajpsychiatry.v28i0.1865"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.9758\/cpn.2022.20.1.126"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.9734\/jammr\/2020\/v32i2330720"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2020.0178"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4102\/sajce.v12i1.1085"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_57_1","unstructured":"Statisa. (2018). South Africa: Children attendance in schools by type 2018. https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/1261846\/share-of-children-attending-primary-educational-institutions-in-south-africa-by-type"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_58_1","unstructured":"Statista. (2023). Number of domestic violence-related crimes in South Africa in 2022\/2023 by gender. https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/1401015\/number-of-selected-domestic-violence-related-crime-in-south-africa-by-gender\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_59_1","volume-title":"Quarterly labour force survey (QLFS), Q4: 2020","author":"Statistics South Africa","year":"2021","unstructured":"Statistics South Africa. (2021). Quarterly labour force survey (QLFS), Q4: 2020. Statistics South Africa."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_60_1","volume-title":"Quarterly labour force survey (QLFS), quarter 4: 2022","author":"Statistics South Africa","year":"2023","unstructured":"Statistics South Africa. (2023). Quarterly labour force survey (QLFS), quarter 4: 2022. Statistics South Africa."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12402-012-0086-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2018.12.089"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_3_63_1","first-page":"80","article-title":"Prevalence of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptomatology and psychiatric comorbidity among adolescents diagnosed with ADHD in childhood","volume":"17","author":"Walker S.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Walker S., Venter A., Van der Walt A., Esterhuysen K. (2011). Prevalence of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptomatology and psychiatric comorbidity among adolescents diagnosed with ADHD in childhood. South African Journal of Psychiatry, 17(3), 80\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4102\/sajpsychiatry.v17i1.261","journal-title":"South African Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-012-0135-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_65_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Estimated prevalence of children with diagnosed developmental disabilities in the United States, 2014\u20132016","author":"Zablotsky B.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zablotsky B., Black L. I., Blumberg S. J. (2017). Estimated prevalence of children with diagnosed developmental disabilities in the United States, 2014\u20132016 (pp. 1\u20138). NCHS Data Brief 291."}],"container-title":["Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/13591045261453402","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/13591045261453402","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/13591045261453402","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T23:17:51Z","timestamp":1790810271000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/13591045261453402"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/13591045261453402"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/13591045261453402","relation":{},"ISSN":["1359-1045","1461-7021"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1359-1045","type":"print"},{"value":"1461-7021","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]]}}}